The program outputs 14 because the printf function prints the value of i as a hexadecimal integer using the %x format specifier. The hexadecimal system uses 16 symbols to represent numbers, from 0 to 9 and from A to F. Each symbol corresponds to a decimal value, for example, A is 10, B is 11, C is 12, and so on. To convert a decimal number to a hexadecimal number, we need to divide the number by 16 repeatedly and write down the remainder in reverse order. For example, to convert 20 to hexa-decimal, we do:

20 / 16 = 1, remainder 4 1 / 16 = 0, remainder 1

The hexadecimal number is 14, as we write the remainders from right to left.

References = CLA – C Certified Associate Programmer Certification, C Essentials 2 - (Intermediate), C printf and scanf functions, Hexadecimal number system

The program outputs 600 because the #ifdef directive checks if the macro SYM is defined, and if so, executes the code between it and the corresponding #else or #endif directive. Otherwise, it skips that code and executes the code after the #else directive, if any. In this program, the macro SYM is defined by the #define directive, but then undefined by the #undef directive, which removes the def-inition of a macro. Therefore, the code between the #ifdef and the #else directives is skipped, and the code after the #else directive is executed, which assigns 200 to the variable i. The variable j is then assigned the sum of i and 200, which is 400. The printf function then prints the sum of i and j, which is 600, as a decimal integer using the %d format specifier.

References = CLA – C Certified Associate Programmer Certification, C Essentials 2 - (Intermediate), C Preprocessor

The program outputs 545454 because the fputs function writes the string “545454” to the file “file1” in binary mode, and the fscanf function reads the string as an integer from the file in text mode. The binary mode and the text mode are different ways of interpreting the data in a file. In binary mode, the data is stored as a sequence of bytes, and no translation is performed. In text mode, the data is stored as a sequence of characters, and some characters may be translated depending on the plat-form. For example, the newline character may be translated to a carriage return and a line feed on Windows, or just a line feed on Linux. The fopen function takes a mode argument that specifies whether the file should be opened in binary or text mode. The mode “wb” means write binary, and the mode “rt” means read text.

When the fputs function writes the string “545454” to the file in binary mode, it writes the ASCII val-ues of each character as a byte. The ASCII value of ‘5’ is 53, and the ASCII value of ‘4’ is 52. There-fore, the file contains the following bytes: 53 53 53 52 52 52. When the fscanf function reads the file in text mode, it interprets the bytes as characters and converts them to an integer using the %d format specifier. The %d format specifier expects a decimal integer, which is a number com-posed of digits from 0 to 9. Since the file contains only digits, the fscanf function successfully con-verts the string “545454” to an integer with the same value. The printf function then prints the value of i as a decimal integer using the %d format specifier.

References = CLA – C Certified Associate Programmer Certification, C Essentials 2 - (Intermediate), C File I/O, ASCII Table

The program defines a structure named STR that contains three members: an int, a char array, and a float. Then it creates a variable of type struct STR named str and initializes its members with the values 1, “Hello”, and 3. The program then prints the value of str.i + strlen(str.c), which is the sum of the int member and the length of the char array member. The length of the string “Hello” is 5, so the expression evaluates to 1 + 5 = 6. Therefore, the program outputs 6. References = C struct (Structures) - Programiz, C Structures (structs) - W3Schools, C Structures - GeeksforGeeks

The string literal "John" " " "Bean" is effectively concatenated into a single string by the compiler during compilation. Therefore, the value of p becomes a pointer to the string "John Bean". The printf statement then prints the string enclosed within square brackets, resulting in the output [John Bean].

he expression a++ && b++ involves the logical AND (&&) operator. In C, the logical AND op-erator short-circuits, meaning that if the left operand (a++ in this case) is false, the right operand (b++) is not evaluated.

Initially, a is 0, and b is 1. The result of a++ is 0 (false), so b++ is not evaluated. The value of b remains 1. The printf statement then prints the value of b, which is 1.

Therefore, the correct answer is "The program outputs 1."

References = CLA – C Associate Programmer documents

The program outputs 1 because the for loop terminates when i becomes 0. The for loop has no initialization, condition, or increment expressions, so it will run indefinitely unless a break statement is executed. The loop body consists of a single if statement that checks if i is non-zero,and if so, breaks out of the loop. Otherwise, i is divided by 2 and assigned back to itself. Since i is an integer, the division will truncate any fractional part. Therefore, the loop will iterate until i becomes 0, which will happen after one iteration, as 1 / 2 = 0. The printf function then prints the value of i as a deci-mal integer using the %d format specifier.

References = CLA – C Certified Associate Programmer Certification, [C Essentials 2 - (Intermediate)], C For Loop, C If…Else Statement