The smallest set of keywords that contains the ones needed to support testing the user story is “Login, Add Item, Delete Item, View Cart, Compute Shipping”. This set covers all the necessary actions to test the functionality described in the user story: logging into the system, adding items to the shopping cart, deleting items from the cart, viewing the cart to confirm the changes, and computing the shipping cost to ensure it is correct. It is essential that the keywords reflect the actions a customer would perform and the checks needed to validate the story’s acceptance criteria.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester syllabus and materials emphasize the importance of selecting appropriate keywords for test automation that align with the user story’s objectives and acceptance criteria12. The keyword-driven approach is a critical aspect of test automation in Agile environments, as it allows for the creation of flexible and maintainable test scripts2.

 For the user story in question, the data file for the data-driven test automation script should include columns that directly relate to the criteria for free shipping. The column ‘item ID’ is necessary to identify the specific items being purchased. ‘Quantity purchased’ is required to determine if the number of items meets the threshold for free shipping. The ‘free shipping (y/n)’ column is essential to verify if the free shipping message displays correctly based on the quantity purchased. This setup aligns with the principles of data-driven testing where inputs and expected outcomes are clearly defined to validate the functionality being tested.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester syllabus and materials emphasize the importance of creating data files that support the automated testing of user stories. The data file should contain columns that are relevant to the story’s acceptance criteria and enable the automation to verify the correct behavior of the system12.

In a process-compliant approach to testing a safety-critical project, test automation must ensure traceability back to the requirements and results documentation. This is crucial for verifying that all requirements have been tested and for maintaining a clear record of test results and their correlation with the specified requirements. Traceability is a key aspect of maintaining the rigor and discipline required in safety-critical systems testing.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester materials emphasize the importance of traceability in test automation, especially in the context of safety-critical projects where adherence to process and documentation is vital123.

In the context of Agile projects, where features are developed iteratively and may not be available for testing until later iterations, service virtualization is a valuable technique. It allows the test automation suite to simulate the behavior of the missing web service, enabling end-to-end testing to proceed without waiting for the actual service to be completed. This approach aligns with the ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester syllabus, which includes understanding service virtualization concepts and applying them to support continuous integration and delivery within an Agile team12. Service virtualization tools can create virtualized services that mimic the functionality of the actual services, thus allowing testing to cover more scenarios earlier in the development cycle without the overhead of writing and maintaining temporary service implementations or integrating with legacy systems.

References =

• ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester Syllabus1
• ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester Learning Objectives2

Please ensure to refer to the latest ISTQB documents and resources for the most accurate and up-to-date information.

When test cases are re-run after refactoring, it is essential to verify that they provide the same results as before. This ensures that the refactoring has not introduced any new defects and that the existing functionality remains intact. Refactoring is meant to improve the design, structure, or implementation of the software while preserving its functionality, so the test cases should continue to pass as they did prior to the refactoring.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester documents emphasize the importance of maintaining the integrity of test cases during agile projects, including after refactoring activities1.

Story mapping is the most effective requirements engineering technique for identifying and prioritizing user stories related to the epic mentioned. It allows the team to visualize the entire customer journey, which is crucial for a content management system that aims to enhance the content editing and publishing process. By mapping out the user stories, the team can see how they fit into the overall system, prioritize them based on the value they provide to the end-users, and ensure that all necessary functionalities are covered.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester materials discuss the use of various requirements engineering techniques in an Agile context. Story mapping, in particular, is highlighted as a valuable method for organizing and prioritizing user stories to create a shared understanding among the team members123.

The testable acceptance criteria for the user story are those that can be verified through testing to ensure they meet the user’s needs and the system’s functionality. In this case:

• Criterion (i) is testable because you can verify the payment methods.
• Criterion (ii) is testable as you can check if the acknowledgement email is sent after form submission.
• Criterion (iv) is testable by confirming that the information is stored in the database correctly.

Criteria (iii) and (v), while important, are not explicitly testable from the user story’s perspective without further clarification on how spam protection is measured and what constitutes ‘incorrect’ user inputs.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester materials emphasize the importance of creating testable acceptance criteria that are clear, measurable, and verifiable within the context of the user story12. This ensures that the developed feature meets the user’s requirements and functions as intended2.

Acceptance Test-Driven Development (ATDD) involves the whole team collaboratively discussing acceptance criteria, with examples, and then distilling them into a set of concrete acceptance tests before development begins. It’s a way to get clear on what to build, and it’s done in a way that allows the team to know when a story is complete. ATDD helps to make sure that all the stakeholders have a common understanding of what is being built and what the success criteria are.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester documents emphasize the importance of defining testable requirements within an Agile team and creating andimplementing various Agile test approaches using appropriate techniques1. It also supports the contribution to test automation activities in an Agile project2, which aligns with the principles of ATDD.

The main flaw in the proposed test charter is that it does not cover the main functionality of the user story. The user story focuses on the customer wanting to be informed about the delivery time of their items so they can plan to be home. The proposed charter only tests for the absence of a shipping fee and does not address whether the system provides the customer with the delivery time information.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester syllabus emphasizes the importance of aligning test charters with the user story’s main functionality to ensure that tests provide adequate coverage12. It is crucial in Agile methodologies to create and evaluate testable acceptance criteria that reflect the user story’s objectives12.

The user story provided is quite broad and encompasses multiple functionalities, which suggests it is more of an epic than a small, deliverable user story. The INVEST criteria for Agile user stories require that stories be Independent, Negotiable, Valuable, Estimable, Small, and Testable. In this case:

• Independent: This user story seems to have dependencies, as the ability to print the bill, view it in different currencies, and flag items are likely interconnected functionalities.
• Negotiable: The user story provides specific solutions rather than outlining the problem to solve, which limits the negotiation on how to implement the solutions.
• Valuable: The story does provide value to the hotel guest, which is clear.
• Estimable: With the information provided, the development team can likely estimate the effort required.
• Small: The story is not small; it covers multiple features that probably cannot be delivered in a single iteration.
• Testable: The acceptance criteria are testable, although they are quite detailed and prescriptive.

References = The explanation is based on the INVEST criteria as described in Agile methodologies1234. The criteria are used to assess the quality of a user story, ensuring it is well-defined and suitable for Agile development practices. The user story in question does not fully meet the ‘Negotiable’ and ‘Small’ criteria, which is essential for maintaining flexibility and delivering incremental value in Agile projects.

 Table 4 is the correct data-driven input and expected output table for this situation. It correctly calculates the TaxToPay based on the GrossSal and TaxRate, and then determines the NetSal by subtracting TaxToPay from GrossSal. Additionally, it accurately adds the TaxToPay to the previous month’s TaxPdYTD and the NetSal to the previous month’s SalPdYTD, which are both zero for month 1. This table aligns with the requirements that the tax and net salary paid in the year to date are looked up on the key of (Employee Id and [month - 1]) except for month 1 where they will be zero.

References = ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester documents and Training resources12.

 Story Mapping is a technique used in Agile development to create a visual representation of the system. It helps the team to understand the ‘overall’ story and the functional flow by arranging user stories along two independent dimensions. This method allows for a more holistic view of the project’s progress and priorities, ensuring that the development process aligns with the user’s needs and the product’s goals. References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester syllabus includes the analysis of user stories and epics using requirements engineering techniques and describes how these techniques can aid testers. Story Mapping is specifically mentioned as a method for managing requirements in an Agile context1.

 Acceptance Test-Driven Development (ATDD) is a collaborative approach that involves customers, developers, and testers to define acceptance criteria before development begins. This practice helps ensure that all stakeholders have a shared understanding of the requirements and can prevent misunderstandings like those experienced in the first release. By using examples in ATDD, the team can clarify what the software should do, which aligns with the user stories and supports the Test-Driven Development (TDD) process12.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester documents and resources from Software Testing Help discuss the benefits of ATDD in aligning team members and stakeholders on the expected outcomes of user stories, which is particularly useful when there have been previous misunderstandings34.

This statement is true because increasing test suite coverage refers to adding more test cases or enhancing existing ones to cover more features or scenarios. This can be done independently of refactoring, which is the process of restructuring existing code withoutchanging its external behavior. While refactoring can improve the design and maintainability of both production code and test scripts, it is not a prerequisite for increasing test suite coverage.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester syllabus outlines the importance of test automation in Agile projects, including the ability to increase test coverage through various test automation strategies12.

Test automation is a key component in Agile development, particularly in the context of continuous deployment and delivery. The level of test automation can indeed influence and potentially constrain the frequency of code deployments. This is because the extent and robustness of automated tests determine how quickly and reliably new code can be pushed to production. If the test automation is not comprehensive or reliable, it may require additional manual testing or cause delays in deployment. Conversely, a high level of test automation can support more frequent and confident deployments by ensuring that new changes do not break existing functionality.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester syllabus discusses the importance of test automation in Agile projects, including its impact on continuous deployment and delivery12.

Increasing test automation is a key practice in Agile methodologies to support continuous integration and continuous deployment (CI/CD). Automated tests can be run quickly and frequently, which is essential for continuous deployment to be effective. By automating the testing process, teams can ensure that new code changes are tested thoroughly and consistently, leading to more frequent and reliable deployments to production.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester documents emphasize the importance of test automation in Agile contexts, particularly in relation to continuous deployment and delivery1. It is highlighted that test automation approaches are fundamental for organizations adopting Agile development practices12345.

In Behavior-Driven Development (BDD), scenarios are formulated to describe the general behavior of the system from the perspective of a specific user. This helps in understanding the user’s needs and how the system should respond. It’s important for scenarios to be clear and understandable to all stakeholders, including non-technical ones, which is why they are often written in simple language describing the behavior rather than the technical actions.

A deterministic unit test is one that produces the same results every time it is run under the same conditions. This characteristic is crucial for unit tests because it ensures that the tests are reliable and that their results are repeatable. Deterministic tests help in identifying when a change in the codebase has introduced a defect, as any variation in the test outcome can be attributed to the change rather than an unpredictable test behavior12.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester syllabus and study resources emphasize the importance of deterministic behavior in unit tests as part of ensuring test reliability and effectiveness34.

The correct BDD scenario for the given user story is option C, which aligns with the principles of Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) and the Gherkin syntax. This scenario clearly specifies the context (Given), the action (When), and the outcome (Then), along with handling alternate flows (ELSE). It ensures that the customer can access and update their booking details only if they provide both the correct surname and flight number, which is a common practice for verifying a customer’s reservation. This scenario also includes an error handling path, which is essential for a comprehensive test case.

References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester syllabus and related materials emphasize the importance of creating testable acceptance criteria for user stories using requirements engineering and test techniques, which include the formulation of BDD scenarios in Gherkin format123.

 Test automation is not limited to the automation of test execution. It also includes the configuration of test environments, which is essential for ensuring that tests run in a stable and controlled setting. This broader view of test automation supports continuous integration and delivery practices, which are fundamental in Agile projects. References = The ISTQB Advanced Level Agile Technical Tester syllabus outlines the importance of test automation within Agile projects, including the creation and implementation of various Agile test approaches and supporting continuous integration and delivery123.