End-to-end testing is a technique that involves checking the entire user flow as well as the moving parts of a cloud native app, ensuring that there are no high-level discrepancies3. End-to-end testing simulates real user scenarios and validates the functionality, performance, reliability, and security of the app from start to finish3. End-to-end testing has several benefits, such as3:

Comprehensive testing: You can test your app as a whole and verify that all the components work together as expected.

User-centric testing: You can test your app from the user’s perspective and ensure that it meets the user’s needs and expectations.

Quality assurance: You can test your app in a realistic environment and identify any issues or defects before releasing it to the users.

Explanation

The correct command to rebuild the API docker image and tag it as OCIdevops/api:latest is: docker build -t OCIdevops/api:latest The docker build command is used to build a Docker image from a Dockerfile. The -t flag is used to specify the name and optionally a tag for the image. In this case, the name of the image is OCIdevops/api and the tag is latest. By running this command, the Docker image will be recreated based on the instructions in the Dockerfile and tagged with the specified name and tag.

A pod is the smallest and simplest unit in the Kubernetes object model that you create or deploy2. A pod represents a single instance of a running process in your cluster. Pods contain one or more containers, such as Docker containers. When you create a pod, you define how much CPU and memory (RAM) each container needs. A pod can also include storage volumes, IP addresses, options that govern how the container(s) should run, and more2. Pods are the basic building blocks of larger Kubernetes constructs such as deployments, replica sets, and services2.

Visibility timeout is the concept in OCI Queue that is responsible for hiding a message from other consumers for a predefined amount of time after it has been delivered to a consumer1. The visibility timeout can be set at the queue level when creating a queue, or it can be specified when consuming or updating messages1. If a consumer is having difficulty successfully processing a message, it can update the message to extend its invisibility1. If a message’s visibility timeout is not extended, and the consumer does not delete the message, it returns to the queue1. Verified References: Overview of Queue

Explanation

The feature that is typically NOT associated with Cloud Native is "Application Servers." Cloud Native architecture emphasizes lightweight, scalable, and containerized deployments, which often replace traditional monolithic application servers. Instead of relying on application servers, Cloud Native applications are typically deployed as containerized microservices that can be orchestrated and managed using container orchestration platforms like Kubernetes. This approach enables greater flexibility, scalability, and agility in deploying and managing applications. While application servers have been widely used in traditional application architectures, they are not a characteristic feature of Cloud Native architectures. Cloud Native architectures focus on containerization, declarative APIs, immutable infrastructure, and service meshes to enable efficient and scalable deployment and management of applications.

Explanation

The correct answer is: Microservices are used for long running operations while serverless functions are used for short running operations. One of the key differences between microservices and serverless functions is the duration of their execution. Microservices are typically designed to handle long-running operations and may continuously run and process requests as part of a larger system. They are often deployed and managed as long-lived services. On the other hand, serverless functions are designed to handle short-lived operations or tasks that execute in response to specific events or triggers. They are event-driven and execute only when invoked, providing a lightweight and ephemeral computing model. Serverless functions are often used for executing small, isolated pieces of code without the need for managing infrastructure or scaling concerns. While both microservices and serverless functions can be stateless or stateful depending on the specific implementation, the key distinction lies in the typical duration and execution pattern of these components within an application architecture.

Explanation

The correct answer is: "Tightly coupled." Tightly coupling is not a criterion that is usually met by a microservice. In fact, microservices are designed to be loosely coupled. Loosely coupling refers to reducing dependencies and minimizing the direct interactions between different components or services. Microservices promote independence and autonomy, allowing each service to operate independently without being tightly bound to other services. The other options listed are criteria that are typically met by microservices: Organized around business capabilities: Microservices architecture suggests designing services around specific business capabilities or functionalities. This allows for focused and specialized services that align with the organization's business needs. Independently deployable: Microservices are designed to be independently deployable units. Each microservice can be developed, tested, and deployed separately, without impacting other services. This enables agility and scalability in the deployment process. Highly maintainable: Microservices are often designed to be highly maintainable. They are smaller in scope and focused on specific tasks, making it easier to manage and maintain individual services. Additionally, microservices can be updated, patched, or replaced without affecting the entire system, facilitating easier maintenance and evolution of the application. Therefore, the criterion that is NOT typically met by a microservice is being tightly coupled.