Multitenancy in cloud computing defines a set of cloud resources shared by several customers. Multitenancy is a feature of cloud computing that allows multiple customers, or tenants, to use the same cloud infrastructure and services, such as servers, storage, network, and applications, while maintaining their own data and configuration. Multitenancy enables cloud providers to optimize the utilization and allocation of cloud resources, reduce the cost and complexity of cloud operations, and offer scalable and flexible services to different customers. Multitenancy also benefits customers by providing them with on-demand access to cloud resources, pay-per-use pricing models, and enhanced security and isolation. The other options are not correct definitions of multitenancy in cloud computing. A set of cloud resources isolated from each other is a single-tenant model, where each customer has its own dedicated cloud infrastructure and services. A set of cloud resources located in different data centers is a distributed cloud model, where cloud resources are spread across multiple physical locations to provide low latency, high availability, and local compliance. A set of cloud resources assigned to the same network slice is a network slicing model, where a logical network is created over a sharedphysical network to support specific applications and customers with customized performance, quality, and security. References: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.2: Cloud Characteristics.

The approximate maximum distance of an Edge Cloud from the end-user is 300KM. Edge Cloud is a type of cloud deployment that brings cloud resources closer to the end-user, reducing latency and improving performance1. Edge Cloud can be located at various distances from the end-user, depending on the use case and the network topology2. However, the general range of distance for Edge Cloud is between 10KM and 300KM3. 10000KM, 5000KM, and 10Q0KM are too far to be considered as Edge Cloud, as they would introduce significant delays and inefficiencies in the network.

References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, slide 4 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, slide 15 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, slide 16

 Hyperscale computing relies on scalable server architecture. This is true because hyperscale computing is a type of cloud computing that aims to provide massive scalability, performance, and efficiency for large-scale applications and data processing1. Hyperscale computing requires a scalable server architecture that can support thousands or millions of servers that are interconnected by high-speed networks2. Scalable server architecture enables hyperscale computing to handle increasing workloads, optimize resource utilization, and reduce operational costs3. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, Section 4.1: Industry Trends in Data Center Hardware 2: How Nokia Bell Labs’ new serverless computing design will take cloud computing to the next level4 3: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks1

Latency, Privacy and Capacity are the three key drivers required for video-based service in on-premise cloud. Latency refers to the delay between the source and the destination of a video stream, which affects the quality of experience for the end-users. Privacy refers to the protection of the video content and the user data from unauthorized access or leakage. Capacity refers to the ability of the network and the cloud to handle the high bandwidth and storage demands of video applications. On-premise cloud is a cloud deployment model where the cloud infrastructure is located within the enterprise premises, and is managed by the enterprise or a third-party service provider. On-premise cloud can offer lower latency, higher privacy and greater capacity for video-based service than public cloud, which is located outside the enterprise premises and is shared by multiple tenants. References: Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.3: Cloud Deployment Models.

The available options to interconnect private Datacenters are VPN and Backbone. VPN stands for Virtual Private Network, which is a secure and encrypted connection between two or more networks over the public internet. Backbone is a high-capacity network that connects different data centers across regions or countries. Both VPN and Backbone provide reliable, scalable, and secure data center interconnect (DCI) solutions for private/hybrid clouds. References: Nokia Cloud DCI offers a more scalable, reliable and secure way to connect data centers in private/hybrid clouds, Nokia business-critical cloud DCI solutions support multiple DCI applications, from real-time business continuity and disaster recovery, to synchronous data replication and cloud backup, Nokia partners with IP Telecom to deliver quantum-safe data center connectivity

 A group of small services combine to deliver user specific service is a true statement. This is the definition of microservices, which are a key component of cloud technologies and features. Microservices are independent, modular, and scalable services that communicate with each other through APIs. They enable faster and easier development, deployment, and maintenance of cloud applications.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks | Nokia Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, slide 6
• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Certification Program - Courses | Nokia, Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features

Security as a Service and Software as a Service are two examples of SaaS in a cloud deployment. Security as a Service is a model where security services such as firewall, antivirus, encryption, etc. are delivered over the Internet by a cloud provider1. Software as a Service is a model where software applications such as email, CRM, ERP, etc. are hosted and managed by a cloud provider and accessed by users over the Internet2. Stack as a Service and Service as a Service are not valid terms for SaaS in a cloud deployment. Stack as a Service is a typo for Stack Overflow, a popular online platform for developers3. Service as a Service is a redundant and meaningless term that does not describe any cloud service model4. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, Section 1.3: Cloud Service Models 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, Section 1.3: Cloud Service Models 3: Stack Overflow 4: What is Service as a Service (SaaS)?

SaaS within cloud computing primarily stands for Software as a Service, which delivers software applications over the internet on a subscription basis. It allows users to connect to and use cloud-based apps over the Internet, such as email, calendaring, and office tools (like Microsoft Office 365). Security as a Service (SECaaS) is an outsourcing model for security management. Typically, businesses utilize this service for functions like anti-virus software, intrusion detection,and authentication. SECaaS is also considered a type of SaaS where security services are delivered remotely via the internet. Therefore, both Software as a Service and Security as a Service are correct answers, emphasizing the diversity of services provided through the SaaS model beyond just software applications.

Monolithic applications are a mono-block functional service because they are composed of a single, self-contained unit that contains all the components of the application, such as the user interface, business logic, data access, etc1. Monolithic applications are not smaller in size than cloud native applications, as they tend to grow larger and more complex over time2. Monolithic applications are not more reliable than microservices, as they are more prone to failures, bugs, and performance issues due to the tight coupling and interdependency of the components3. Monolithic applications do not involve the most complex management strategy, as they are easier to develop, test, and deploy initially, but they become harder to maintain, scale, and update as the application evolves4. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, Section 2.4: Cloud Application Architectures 2: Monolithic Architecture 3: Microservices vs Monolithic Architecture 4: Monolithic vs. Microservices Architecture

The Core or Central Cloud covers a very large area, as it is the most centralized part of the Distributed Cloud architecture. It provides high-performance computing and storage resources for applications that do not require low latency or high bandwidth. It also hosts the management and orchestration functions for the entire Distributed Cloud network. The Core or Central Cloud is typically located in a data center or a cloud service provider’s facility12. References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks
• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Certification Program - Courses

Single and consistent point of management. Comprehensive Explanation and References of Correct Answer: Network Function Management provides different network slices for different companies and a single and consistent point of management. Network slicing is a technique that allows the creation of multiple logical networks on top of a shared physical infrastructure1. Each network slice can have its own characteristics, requirements, and services, tailored to the needs of different customers or applications1. Network Function Management is a component that handles the configuration, monitoring, and optimization of the network functions that compose each network slice2. It provides a single and consistent point of management for the network functions, regardless of their location, type, or vendor2. Multiple Orchestrators required for deployments is not a correct option. An Orchestrator is a component that coordinates the allocation and release of resources for network services and network slices3. There are different types of Orchestrators, such as NFV Orchestrator, NS Orchestrator, and Slice Orchestrator, but they are not part of the Network Function Management3. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, Section 5.1: Network Slicing 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, Section 5.2: Network Function Management 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, Section 5.3: Orchestration

The technology layer function supports automated service delivery by providing the necessary tools and mechanisms to orchestrate, monitor, and optimize the cloud resources and services. The technology layer function consists of four sub-functions: cloud management, cloud orchestration, cloud automation, and cloud analytics. These sub-functions work together to enable the efficient and flexible operation of the cloud ecosystem.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks | Nokia Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features, slide 11
• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Certification Program - Courses | Nokia, Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 2: Cloud Technologies and Features

The ETSI MANO Model operational stack is defined as Orchestration above Network Function Management above Infrastructure Management. The ETSI MANO Model is a framework that defines the architecture and interfaces for the management and orchestration of network functions virtualization (NFV) in cloud networks1. The ETSI MANO Model consists of three main components: Infrastructure Management, Network Function Management, and Orchestration2. Infrastructure Management is responsible for managing the physical and virtual resources that host the network functions, such as servers, storage, switches, hypervisors, andvirtual machines2. Network Function Management is responsible for managing the configuration, monitoring, and optimization of the network functions, such as scaling, healing, and updating2. Orchestration is responsible for coordinating the allocation and release of resources for network services and network slices, such as instantiation, termination, and modification2. The ETSI MANO Model operational stack is defined as Orchestration above Network Function Management above Infrastructure Management, meaning that Orchestration is the highest level of abstraction and control, Network Function Management is the intermediate level, and Infrastructure Management is the lowest level2. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, Section 5.3: Orchestration 2: Module by Module - Self Study Note Guide - training2

The characteristics of traditional monolithic services are low scalability and fixed capacity. Monolithic services are applications that are built as a single unit, where all the components are tightly coupled and run in the same process. This makes them hard to scale, as they require more resources and coordination to handle increased demand. Monolithic services also have fixed capacity, as they are designed for a specific workload and cannot adapt to changing requirements or traffic patterns. Monolithic services are often slow to deploy, as they require updating the entire application for any change or improvement. References: [Cloud Native applications design], [Microservices and Containerization]

 The 5G Core control plane is responsible for managing the network functions, services, and resources, such as authentication, authorization, session management, policy control, mobility management, etc.1. The 5G Core control plane can be deployed in a distributed cloud architecture, which consists of different cloud layers that have different characteristics and roles2. The Metro Edge Cloud is a cloud layer that is located near the access network, and provides low latency, high bandwidth, and local processing for the control plane functions3. The Core/Central Cloud is a cloud layer that is located in the core network, and provides high availability, scalability, and security for the control plane functions4. The distributed cloud architecture enables the 5G Core control plane to optimize the network performance, efficiency, and flexibility, and to support various use cases and applications. References: 1: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, Section 1.2: Cloud Architecture 2: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 1: Cloud Ecosystem, Section 1.3: Distributed Cloud 3: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, Section 3.2: Cloud Resource Planning for Distributed Cloud 4: Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 3: Cloud Resource Planning, Section 3.3: Cloud Resource Planning for Central Cloud : Nokia Bell Labs Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 5: New Services Automation, Section 5.1: Distributed Cloud Services Automation

To reduce time and complexity for development and deployment. Comprehensive Explanation and References of Correct Answer: The main advantage of development concepts such as DevOps and CI/CD used in cloud native applications is to reduce time and complexity for development and deployment. DevOps is a set of practices that aims to improve collaboration and communication between development and operations teams, and to automate and streamline the software delivery process. CI/CD is a subset of DevOps that focuses on continuous integration, continuous delivery, and continuous testing of software changes. By using these concepts, cloud native applications canachieve faster and more frequent releases, higher quality and reliability, lower costs and risks, and better customer satisfaction.

References:

• Nokia Bell Labs 5G Professional Certification - Distributed Cloud Networks, Unit 4: Operating Your Cloud, slide 3
• Catching the 5G train with CI/CD Services, paragraph 1
• Nokia unveils new 5G core deployment services to give operators better capabilities, paragraph 1