Structured design and object-oriented design are two common approaches to design a system. Structured design is a method of breaking down a system into smaller and simpler modules, which can be independently created and tested. Structured design follows a top-down approach, where the system is divided into sub-systems, and then into modules, until the desired level of detail is reached. Structured design is suitable for systems that have well-defined inputs and outputs, and a clear hierarchy of functions. Object-oriented design is a method of modeling a system as a collection of objects, which have attributes and behaviors. Object-oriented design follows a bottom-up approach, where the system is built from reusable and interchangeable components, called classes. Object-oriented design is suitable for systems that have complex interactions, dynamic behavior, and multiple inheritance. Functional design and organizational design are not considered to design a system, but rather to describe the system’s purpose and structure. Functional design is a process of defining the functions and processes that the system performs, and how they relate to each other. Functional design focuses on the what and why of the system, rather than the how. Organizational design is a process of defining the roles and responsibilities of the people and units involved in the system, and how they communicate and coordinate with each other. Organizational design focuses on the who and where of the system, rather than the how.  References :  Structured Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics ,  Object-Oriented Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics ,  Functional Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics , [Organizational Design - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics]

A primary key is a column or combination of columns that contain values that uniquely identify each row in the table. It enforces the entity integrity of the table and prevents the insertion of duplicate rows. A table can have only one primary key, which is usually defined on an identity column or a column with not null and unique constraints.  A primary key also creates a unique index for the table, which allows fast access to data when the primary key is used in queries 1 2 .  References :  1 : Primary and Foreign Key Constraints - SQL Server 1 2 : Primary and Foreign Key in SQL With Examples - DataFlair 2

Organizations are linked extensively to increase their efficiency and effectiveness in achieving their goals. By reducing cycle times, organizations can deliver their products or services faster and more responsively to their customers. By improving accuracy, organizations can reduce errors, waste, and rework, and enhance their quality and reliability. These outcomes can also increase the capability of the organization to meet the changing needs and expectations of the market and the stakeholders.  References :  Sample Exam - GAQM , page 1, question 1;  The Future of Flexibility at Work , paragraph 4.

Development cost is the type of cost that is considered as actual costs of analysis, design, and installation for the system. Development cost includes the expenses incurred during the planning, designing, building, testing, and deploying of a system. Development cost is usually estimated before the start of a project and is used to measure the feasibility and profitability of a system. Development cost is also used to monitor the progress and performance of a project and to control the scope and quality of a system.  References :  CITM Course Outline , Module 4, Corporate IT Strategy, page 9.  CITM Training Course , Cost, page 14.  CITM Certification Overview , Exam Information, Course Outline, Module 4.