While encryption, access controls, and multi-factor authentication are all technical measures that can protect personal information, de-identification specifically refers to the process of removing or modifying personal data so that individuals cannot be readily identified. Since EnsureClaim needs to provide personal data to third parties (such as insurance claim adjusters) for specific purposes (e.g., claim assessment), de-identification would not be appropriate as these third parties require access to identifiable information to perform their roles effectively.

Biometric recognition systems can face several challenges, but user difficulty is not generally considered a significant drawback. The main drawbacks typically include higher costs, increased maintenance and support requirements, and limited compatibility across different systems. Biometrics can sometimes also raise privacy concerns and require substantial infrastructure to support effectively. However, ease of use is often seen as a benefit of biometric systems since they can be more intuitive than traditional passwords or PINs.

Social engineering, as mentioned in option D, can bypass even the best physical and logical security mechanisms to gain access to a system. Social engineering exploits human psychology to manipulate individuals into divulging confidential information or performing actions that compromise security. This technique is recognized as a significant security threat in the IAPP’s CIPT materials, where it is discussed in the context of both physical and cybersecurity threats, emphasizing the importance of comprehensive security awareness training.

Browser fingerprinting is a technique used to track users by collecting information about their browser and device characteristics, which are then used to create a unique identifier. This technique can be employed as an alternative to third-party cookies and can track users across different sessions and sites.

Pharming is a cyber-attack technique that manipulates how users are directed to websites:

Option A: It modifies the user's Hosts file.

Pharming works by altering the IP address information in the user's Hosts file or exploiting vulnerabilities in DNS servers to redirect traffic from legitimate websites to fraudulent ones.

Option B: It encrypts files on a user's computer.

This describes ransomware, not pharming.

Option C: It creates a false display advertisement.

This describes malvertising, not pharming.

Option D: It generates a malicious instant message.

This describes a phishing technique, not pharming.

A valid argument against data minimization is that it Can limit business opportunities. Data minimization is the principle that data collected should be limited to what is necessary for the purposes for which it is processed. While this principle supports privacy and data protection, it can also restrict the amount of data available to businesses for analysis and innovation, potentially limiting their ability to develop new products, improve services, or identify new market opportunities.

The sharing of information within an organization should be documented with a data flow diagram. A data flow diagram (DFD) visually represents the flow of data within a system, showing how data is processed and transferred between different parts of the organization. It helps to identify where data is stored, how it moves through various processes, and where it might be shared internally. This method provides a clear and comprehensive overview of data interactions, facilitating better understanding and management of data sharing practices.