The BGP attribute that you would use to forward all Internet traffic through the R1 device is the local preference1.

The local preference is an attribute that is used within an autonomous system (AS) and exchanged between iBGP routers1. It is used to select an exit point from the AS1. The path with the highest local preference is preferred1. By setting a higher local preference for the routes received from R1, you can make R1 the preferred exit point for all Internet traffic1.

The configuration shown in the exhibit is an example of a routing instance of type virtual-router. A routing instance is a collection of routing tables, interfaces, and routing protocol parameters that create a separate routing domain on a Juniper device1. A virtual-router routing instance allows administrators to divide a device into multiple independent virtual routers, each with its own routing table2.

The configuration also includes a rib-group statement, which is used to import routes from one routing table to another. A rib-group consists of an import-rib statement, which specifies the source routing table, and an export-rib statement, which specifies the destination routing table.

In this case, the rib-group name is inet-to-ispi, and the import-rib statement specifies inet.0 as the source routing table. The export-rib statement specifies ispi.inet.0 as the destination routing table. This means that the routes from inet.0 will be imported into ispi.inet.0.

Therefore, the correct answer is B. The inet.0 route table will be imported into the ispi.inet.0 route table.

References:

1: Routing Instances Overview 2: Virtual Routing Instances : [rib-group (Routing Options)]

A keepalive OAM probe is a mechanism that can be used to monitor the state of a GRE tunnel and detect any failures in the tunnel path. A keepalive OAM probe consists of sending periodic packets from one end of the tunnel to the other and expecting a reply. If no reply is received within a specified time, the tunnel is considered down and the line protocol of the tunnel interface is changed to down1.

To configure a keepalive OAM probe for a GRE tunnel, you need to specify two parameters: the keepalive-time and the hold-time. The keepalive-time is the interval between each keepalive packet sent by the local router. The hold-time is the maximum time that the local router waits for a reply from the remote router before declaring the tunnel down2.

According to the Juniper Networks documentation, the hold-time value must be two times the keepalive-time value for a GRE tunnel2. This is because the hold-time value must account for both the round-trip time of the keepalive packet and the processing time of the remote router. If the hold-time value is too small, it may cause false positives and unnecessary tunnel flaps.

In the exhibit, the configuration shows that the keepalive-time is set to 10 seconds and the hold-time is set to 15 seconds for the gr-1/1/10.1 interface. This means that the local router will send a keepalive packet every 10 seconds and will wait for 15 seconds for a reply from the remote router. However, this hold-time value is not two times the keepalive-time value, which violates the recommended configuration. This may cause traffic drops if the remote router takes longer than 15 seconds to reply.

Therefore, option D is correct, because the hold-time value must be two times the keepalive-time value for a GRE tunnel. Option A is incorrect, because BFD is not required for GRE tunnels; BFD is another protocol that can be used to monitor tunnels, but it is not compatible with GRE keepalives3. Option B is incorrect, because the “event link-adjacency-loss” option is not related to GRE tunnels; it is an option that can be used to trigger an action when a link goes down4. Option C is incorrect, because LLDP does not need to be removed from the gr-1/1/10.1 interface; LLDP is a protocol that can be used to discover neighboring devices and their capabilities, but it does not interfere with GRE tunnels5.

References:

1: Configuring Keepalive Time and Hold time for a GRE Tunnel Interface 2: keepalive | Junos OS | Juniper Networks 3: Configuring Bidirectional Forwarding Detection 4: event link-adjacency-loss | Junos OS | Juniper Networks 5: Understanding Link Layer Discovery Protocol

• A is correct because IBGP updates the next-hop attribute to ensure reachability within an AS. This is because the next-hop attribute is the IP address of the router that advertises the route to a BGP peer. If the next-hop attribute is not changed by IBGP, it would be the IP address of an external router, which may not be reachable by all routers within the AS. Therefore, IBGP updates the next-hop attribute to the IP address of the router that received the route from an EBGP peer1.
• B is correct because IBGP peers advertise routes received from EBGP peers to other IBGP peers. This is because BGP follows the rule of advertising only the best route to a destination, and EBGP routes have a higher preference than IBGP routes. Therefore, IBGP peers advertise routes learned from an EBGP peer to all BGP peers, including both EBGP and IBGP peers1.

The output shown in the exhibit is the result of the command “show ip bgp neighbor 10.36.1.4 received-routes”, which displays all received routes (both accepted and rejected) from the specified neighbor.

Option A is correct, because the routes displayed have traversed one or more autonomous systems. This can be seen from the AS_PATH attribute, which shows the sequence of AS numbers that the route has passed through. For example, the route 10.0.0.0/8 has an AS_PATH of 65001 65002, which means that it has traversed AS 65001 and AS 65002 before reaching the local router.

Option B is correct, because the output shows routes that were received prior to the application of any BGP import policies. This can be seen from the fact that some routes have a status code of “r”, which means that they are rejected by an import policy. The“received-routes” keyword shows the routes coming from a given neighbor before the inbound policy has been applied. To see the routes after the inbound policy has been applied, the “routes” keyword should be used instead.

Option C is incorrect, because the output does not show routes that are active and rejected by an import policy. The status code of “r” means that the route is rejected by an import policy, but it does not mean that it is active. The status code of “>” means that the route is active and selected as the best path. None of the routes in the output have both “>” and “r” status codes.

Option D is incorrect, because the routes displayed are not being learned from an IBGP peer. An IBGP peer is a BGP neighbor that belongs to the same AS as the local router. The output shows that the neighbor 10.36.1.4 has a remote AS of 65001, which is different from the local AS of 65002. Therefore, the neighbor is an EBGP peer, not an IBGP peer.

• The exhibit shows the output of the command show ospf neighbor, which displays information about the OSPF neighbors on a router1.
• The output shows that the OSPF neighbor with the address 172.26.1.1 and the interface ge-0/0/3.0 is in the Exstart state1.
• The Exstart state is the fourth state in the OSPF neighbor formation process, after Down, Init, and 2-Way states2. In this state, the OSPF neighbors establish a master-slave relationship and exchange database description (DBD) packets, which contain summaries of their link-state databases2.
• The most common reason for OSPF neighbors to be stuck in the Exstart state is an MTU mismatch between the interfaces3. MTU stands for maximum transmission unit, which is the largest size of a packet that can be transmitted on a network segment4. If the MTU values of two OSPF neighbors are different, theymay not be able to exchange DBD packets successfully, as some packets may be dropped or fragmented due to their size exceeding the MTU limit3.
• To solve this problem, you need to ensure that the MTU values of both OSPF neighbors are the same or compatible. You can use the command show interfaces to display the MTU value of an interface5. You can also use the command ping with the do-not-fragment option to test the MTU size between two routers. You can change the MTU value of an interface by using the command set interfaces interface-name mtu mtu-value in configuration mode5.

Option A is correct. Creating multiple areas in OSPF can help to reduce the convergence time . This is because changes in one area do not affect other areas, so fewer routers need to run the SPF algorithm in response to a change.

Option D is correct. Creating multiple areas in OSPF can help to reduce Link State Advertisement (LSA) flooding across the network. This is because LSAs are not flooded out of their area of origin.