I and II only

I, II and IV only

I, II and III only

All of these are responsibilities of Board and Audit Committees

Offer loans directly to the consumer

Compete directly with banks in selling mortgaged to would-be home owners

Repackage mortgage loans made by banks and sell them on to investors as asset backed securities

Buy mortgage-backed loans for banks and keep them all on their books, using them as collateral for the US government to borrow

Nick Leeson also ran the back office for his trading area

Nick Leeson dealt in complex derivatives lacking transparency of pricing

SIMEX made inquiries to Barings Bank about large margin calls on its positions

Nick Leeson claimed to be running an arbitrage book

only regarded the intrinsic value (i.e. the difference between the strike price and the forward price of the underlying commodity) as the fair value of its options

took into account both the intrinsic value and the time value

only took into account the time value of the option (which includes recognizing the time left to maturity of the option, the volatility of the spot price of the underlying commodity, interest rates and other factors)

used neither the intrinsic value nor the time value

Leeson ran the front office

The London office did not ask for any reports

Leeson hid his trades in a suspense account

The margin report sent to London did not show the true margin needs

Can have their own offices, bylaws and regulations provided they do not conflict with those of PRMIA

Can have meetings that only local members are allowed to attend

Can sign contracts on behalf of PRMIA without prior approval from the Board of Directors

All of the above

determined by business-unit leaders

determined at the Board level with inputs from business unit leaders

determined at the Board level without influence by business unit leaders

determined by the regulators

The bank is insolvent in that the current value of its assets (measured at book value) is less than the value of its liabilities; thus even if the bank were to liquidate all of its assets it would not be able to repay all depositors and other creditors

The bank is legally solvent but if, because it cannot fund its operations, it is forced to liquidate assets it could do so only at less than nominal values (fire sale) and this would make it legally insolvent (value of assets falls below those of liabilities)

The bank is legally solvent but its current funding costs (which are likely to continue) exceed the average rate of return on its assets and hence it would soon become insolvent as it would be making losses and would eventually exhaust its equity capital

The bank is solvent in that the current value of its assets (measured at book value) is more than the value of its liabilities; so even if the bank were to liquidate all of its assets it would be able to repay all depositors and other creditors

The risk manager has submitted the report to their direct supervisor and their obligation ends at this point, nothing further should be done

The risk manager should attempt to resolve the conflict with the direct supervisor, but if that does not work, they should contact the Whistle-Blowing Hotline of the organization. If no such hot-line is in place, they should contact the PRMIA Ethics Committee

Escalation of the issue is against the Code of Conduct because one should respect the administrative structure of the organization

If the risk manager deems it appropriate, he / she should send a copy of the original report to the CEO

Inadequate separation of front and back offices

Model risk

Changes/breakdowns in historical correlations

Unwinding of liquid positions at the beginning of major losses