Hybrid Cloud combines public cloud, private cloud and on-premises infrastructure to create a single, flexible, cost-optimal IT infrastructure. Hybrid Cloud model best suits where security and regulatory compliance required. Use Cases : Security and regulatory compliance: We can reserve sensitive data and highly regulated workloads behind-the firewall in private cloud and can use more economical public cloud resources for less-sensitive workloads and data. Resource optimization, and cost savings: We can manage predictable capacity workload on private cloud and can migrate unpredictable workloads to public cloud to scale up quickly and automatically. Cloud Scaling : A business has on-premise infrastructure that can handle a certain amount of user load. The hybrid allows them to scale up in response to a larger load then automatically de-provision resources when they no longer need them. Multicloud: Composite cloud are applications that are spread across multiple cloud environments. If a business has on-premise architecture that allows them to run three components of their app but the system gets bogged down in busier times, such as holidays, they take advantage of the multicloud architecture by composing their application across multiple cloud environments. In-Correct Answers - Full control over hardware and software choices : In Private cloud, customer have full control over IT infrastructure, They are free to purchase the hardware and software as per their choice. They can customize(configure) servers and software as needed. - Greater visibility into security and access control, In Private Cloud, all workloads run behind the customers’ own firewall. - Greater elasticity and scalability: With public cloud, a customer can add capacity in response to unexpended surges in traffic, without purchasing and installing new hardware. [Exam Tips] : You can expect few questions from here in your exam, so before appearing for exam, you should be aware of use cases of private, public and hybrid cloud.

Application virtualization: Application virtualization runs application software without installing it directly on the user’s OS. This differs from complete desktop virtualization (mentioned above) because only the application runs in a virtual environment—the OS on the end user’s device runs as usual. There are three types of application virtualization:

Local application virtualization: The entire application runs on the endpoint device but runs in a runtime environment instead of on the native hardware.

Application streaming: The application lives on a server which sends small components of the software to run on the end user ' s device when needed.

Server-based application virtualization : The application runs entirely on a server that sends only its user interface to the client device.

IBM Cloud® Activity Tracker records events in compliance with the CADF standard. These events are triggered by user-initiated activities that change the state of a service in the cloud. The solution empowers users to see, manage and analyze cloud actions. IBM Cloud® encrypts all data in transit, and you can encrypt your data at rest with your own keys, and then monitor the events around the lifecycle of the encryption keys with IBM Cloud® Activity Tracker. IBM Cloud® supports multiple encryption options, whether you ' re looking for a solution that supports the bring your own key (BYOK) or keep your own key (KYOK) functionality. For an in-depth look at the options to secure your data depending on your organization ' s needs

IBM Cloud Satellite is IBM ' s distributed cloud offering. It provides consistency in services and the ability to deploy anywhere. It is a platform service that allows users to deploy IBM Cloud services outside IBM Cloud data centers. IBM Cloud Satellite can run in a client data center, another cloud, or in-edge networks (distributed cloud framework that brings enterprise applications closer to a data source). When an IBM Cloud Satellite location is established, it allows the user to run selected IBM Cloud services in that location.

MongoDB is a cross-platform document-oriented database.

Containers are packages of your software that include everything that it needs to run, including code, dependencies, libraries, binaries, and more. - Container-based applications are faster to load and start. - Container-based applications can easily create purpose-built microservices.

Block storage is used to store data files on Storage Area Networks (SANs) or cloud-based storage environments. It can be attached to compute instance. Block Storage normally mounted onto only one compute node at a time. With block storage, you specify the size of the storage and pay a fee based on the size you provisioned.

When data is moved to block storage, the underlying SAN technology breaks the data into separate, uniform-sized pieces, or blocks. Each block will be given a unique identifier. The SAN will then place those blocks onto the physical storage, distributing them across several disks, often making multiple copies.

When a user or application requests data from a block storage system, the underlying SAN technology reassembles the data blocks and presents the data to the user or application.

Block storage decouples data from user environments. It allows data to be spread and duplicated across multiple storage devices, enabling faster retrieval and higher resilience to disk failures.

Benefits:

Provides the lowest latency: Block storage provides the lowest latency for network-based storage versus local disk drives in the server, Provide IOPS up to 48,000 IOPS.

High performing: Block storage is highly available and independent of the clients that access it. It remains available and durable regardless of client outages.

High redundancy: Network-based block storage is considered to have a higher level of redundancy compared to local disk storage.

Endurance and Performance tiers: Block storage has two tiers from which to choose. Volumes can be created from 20 GB to 12 TB in size.

Eight authorized hosts: Block storage allows eight authorized hosts (can request up to 64) to connect via the multipath IO (MPIO) iSCSI connection.

Snapshots: Block storage allows point-in-time non-disruptive “snapshots,” which can be replicated to a cross-regional data center as a duplicate volume.

Custom costs: Block storage allows monthly and hourly billing cycles.

Data-at-rest encryption: Block storage offers provider-managed encryption-at-rest. Note: Customer-managed encryption is not supported by IBM Classic Storage; however, customer-managed encryption keys can be stored

Use Cases :

⦾ As you have learned, block storage has a high performance and is easily updatable. Therefore, many organizations use it for transactional databases.

⦾ Because of its high performance and reliability, block storage is a common solution for storing emails.

⦾ Block storage suitable for low latency workloads where consistently high speeds required.

IBM Event Streams for IBM Cloud® is an event-streaming platform based on the Apache Kafka® project and incorporates the open-source Strimzi technology. It Integrates with Watson Internet of Things (IoT) and IBM Cloud functions to leverage event streams.

IBM Event Streams for IBM Cloud® is a high-throughput message bus built with Apache Kafka. IBM Event Streams supports Apache Avro schemas, enabling your Kafka applications to use schemas to validate data structures and to encode and decode data.

Event Streams provides a REST API to help connect your existing systems to your Event Streams Kafka cluster.

In-Correct Answers:

IBM® MQ provide messaging capabilities such as point-to-point and publish-subscribe models to facilitate the flow of information between applications. You can use IBM® MQ to enable applications to communicate at different times and in many diverse computing environments.

IBM App Connect® is a powerful all-in-one tool for easily connecting apps, integrating data, building APIs, and acting on events. It can automatically copy and synchronize data between on-premises and cloud-based applications. it can connect any endpoint, map your data, and move data fast. With IBM App Connect®, you can reliably access and combine data assets across all your enterprise applications, databases, and systems and expose them as APIs.

IBM App Connect® offer prebuilt, security-rich intelligent connectors let you connect applications on premises or in the cloud.

IBM API Connect® The tools that API Connect service provides will create and manage your APIs with security-rich features and centralized governance and business-level controls by setting varying levels of security, visibility, billing plans, and rate limits.

You can use IBM API Connect for IBM Cloud to quickly create APIs for microservices based on Node.js and Java runtimes

Explanation

Private cloud (also known as an internal cloud or corporate cloud) is a cloud computing environment in which all hardware and software resources are dedicated exclusively to, and accessible only by, a single customer. Private cloud combines many of the benefits of cloud computing—including elasticity, scalability, and ease of service delivery—with the access control, security, and resource customization of on-premises infrastructure. Advantages of private cloud include the following: Full control over hardware and software choices. Private cloud customers are free to purchase the hardware and software they prefer, vs. the hardware and software the cloud provider offers. Freedom to customize hardware and software in any way. Private cloud customers can customize servers in any way they want and can customize software as needed with add-ons or through custom development. Greater visibility into security and access control, because all workloads run behind the customers’ own firewall. Fully enforced compliance with regulatory standards. Private cloud customers aren’t forced to rely on the industry and regulatory compliance offered by the cloud service provider.