Kubernetes is an open-source container orchestration project that simplifies everything associated with deploying and managing containers.

Kubernetes, also known as K8s, is an open-source system for automating deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications.

Kubernetes is open source giving you the freedom to take advantage of on-premises, hybrid, or public cloud infrastructure, letting you effortlessly move workloads to where it matters to you.

Kubernetes Features:

- Automated rollouts and rollbacks

- Storage orchestration

- Self-healing

- Secret and configuration management

Explanation

A VPC is a public cloud offering that lets an enterprise establish its own private cloud-like computing environment on shared public cloud infrastructure. You can subdivide a VPC with subnets, where each subnet can reach the public internet through an optional public gateway. You can assign an FIP to any instance to reach it from the internet, or the other way around. This is independent of whether the subnet is attached to a public gateway. Subnets within IBM Cloud VPC offer private connectivity; they can talk to each other over a private link, through the implicit router. Setting up routes isn ' t necessary.

Explanation

The DevOps toolchain tools build, deploy, and manage apps that make development and operations repeatable and easier to manage. A continuous delivery service is required before an IBM Cloud Toolchain can be executed. Toolchains are a set of tools that are used to automate the process of building, deploying, and manage applications. You can create toolchains from a variety of sources including other IBM Cloud services, third-party software, and open-source tools.

Correct Answer : Bare Metal Server is a dedicated to a single customer only. Bare metal servers are suitable for big data analytics applications and GPU-intensive solutions. Bare metal servers satisfies workload examples such as ERP, CRM, AI, deep learning and virtualization. In-Correct Answers : Virtual Machine : A virtual machine is a virtual representation of physical computer, that behaves like an actual computer. Hypervisor is a small software layer that enables multiple operating systems to run alongside each other. Hypervisor separates the VMs logically, assigning each its own slice of underlying computing power, memory, and storage. There are 2 types of Hypervisor : Type 1 & Type 2. Hosted is another name given to a Type 2 hypervisor. dBase : dBase was one of the first database management systems for microcomputers.

Virtualization is a process that allows for more efficient utilization of physical computer hardware and is the foundation of cloud computing.

Types of virtualization:

CPU (central processing unit) virtualization is the fundamental technology that makes hypervisors, virtual machines, and operating systems possible. It allows a single CPU to be divided into multiple virtual CPUs for use by multiple VMs.

Application virtualization runs application software without installing it directly on the user’s OS. This differs from complete desktop virtualization (mentioned above) because only the application runs in a virtual environment—the OS on the end user’s device runs as usual. There are three types of application virtualization:

Local application virtualization: The entire application runs on the endpoint device but runs in a runtime environment instead of on the native hardware.

Application streaming: The application lives on a server which sends small components of the software to run on the end user ' s device when needed.

Server-based application virtualization The application runs entirely on a server that sends only its user interface to the client device.

Data center virtualization abstracts most of a data center’s hardware into software, effectively enabling an administrator to divide a single physical data center into multiple virtual data centers for different clients.

Each client can access its own infrastructure as a service (IaaS), which would run on the same underlying physical hardware. Virtual data centers offer an easy on-ramp into cloud-based computing, letting a company quickly set up a complete data center environment without purchasing infrastructure hardware.

A security group acts as a virtual firewall that controls the traffic for one or more virtual server instances. A security group is a collection of rules that specify whether to allow or deny traffic for an associated instance. You can associate an instance with one or more security groups and edit the security group rules An Access Control List (ACL) can manage (that is, it can allow or deny) inbound and outbound traffic for a subnet. An ACL is stateless, which means that inbound and outbound rules must be specified separately and explicitly. Each ACL consists of rules, based on a source IP, source port, destination IP, destination port, and protocol. Note : Security Groups control traffic at the virtual service instance level and n Access Control List (ACL) control the traffic at subnet level.

Explanation

Block storage, is used to store data files on Storage Area Networks (SANs) or cloud-based storage environments. It can be attached to compute instance. Block Storage normally mounted onto only one compute node at a time. With block storage, you specify the size of the storage and pay a fee based on the size you provisioned. Both endurance and performance options provide a range of storage sizes, and the only difference between them is how the Input/Output Operations per Second (IOPS) is delivered for a given storage volume. - Endurance provides pre-set IOPS tiers of 0.25, 2, 4, and 10 IOPS/GB. - Performance allows the user to set a custom level of IOPS beyond 10 IOPS/GB. Under the virtual private cloud (VPC), block storage does not have endurance or performance tiers. Instead, users can set pre-defined or choose custom IOPS when provisioning the storage. Use Cases : Block storage suitable for low latency workloads where consistently high speeds required. Features : - Offer volume size from 20 GB to 12 TB, - Provide encryption for data at rest - Provide IOPS upto 48,000 IOPS - Highly available and resilient.

Explanation

VMware vSphere is a streamlined and optimized ordering platform for VMware. With this platform, you can build your own IBM-hosted VMware environment by customizing and ordering the VMware-compatible hardware based on your selected VMware components.

Three transformational paths for application modernization are infrastructure, architectural and delivery.