Load balancing distributes incoming traffic across multiple servers or resources to improve performance, scalability, and availability. It prevents overload of a single system and supports high availability architectures.

BCP requires input from all business units to identify dependencies and ensure continuity of critical functions.

Distributed Denial-of-Service (DDoS) attacks overwhelm targets with traffic from multiple sources, disrupting availability.

A hub broadcasts incoming traffic toall connected devices, regardless of the destination. This creates unnecessary traffic and security risks. A switch, however, uses MAC address tables to forward trafficonly to the intended destination port, making it far more efficient and secure.

Hubs operate at OSI Layer 1, while switches operate at Layer 2. Because hubs broadcast traffic indiscriminately, they are rarely used in modern networks.

Integrity applies broadly—to data, systems, processes, and organizational operations—ensuring accuracy, completeness, and trustworthiness.

Internet of Things (IoT) devices include sensors, cameras, smart appliances, and controllers connected to networks.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) provides security teams with the greatest access to forensic data because customers retain control over operating systems, logs, storage, and network configurations.

In SaaS and FaaS models, the provider controls most of the infrastructure, limiting visibility. PaaS provides partial access but still restricts OS-level forensics.

IaaS allows collection of disk images, memory dumps, system logs, and network traffic, which are essential for incident response and forensic investigations.

Security teams prefer IaaS for high-control environments where deep visibility is required.

Tunneling encapsulates packets to securely transmit them across networks, commonly used in VPNs.

Risk Avoidanceeliminates risk by discontinuing activities that expose the organization to unacceptable threats.

ABusiness Continuity Plan (BCP)ensures critical operations continue during and after significant disruptions, regardless of the cause.