Biometric authentication is a type of authentication that uses the physical or behavioral characteristics of a person to verify their identity. Biometric authentication is more secure and convenient than other methods such as passwords or tokens, as biometric traits are unique, hard to forge, and easy to use. Some examples of biometric authentication techniques are retina scanner, DNA, and voice recognition. Retina scanner uses a low-intensity light beam to scan the pattern of blood vessels at the back of the eye, which is unique for each individual. DNA uses the genetic code of a person to match their identity, which is the most accurate and reliable biometric technique. Voice recognition uses the sound and pitch of a person’s voice to verify their identity, which is influenced by factors such as anatomy, physiology, and psychology. These techniques fall under biometric authentication, as they use the physical or behavioral traits of a person to authenticate them. References :

Biometric Authentication - Week 2: Identification, Authentication, and Authorization

Biometric Authentication: What You Need To Know

Biometric Authentication Techniques

A VPN protocol is a component of VPN that is used to manage tunnels and encapsulate private data. A VPN protocol defines the rules and standards for establishing and maintaining a secure connection between the VPN client and the VPN server. A VPN protocol also specifies how the data is encrypted, authenticated, and transmitted over the tunnel. Some common VPN protocols are IPSec, SSL/TLS, PPTP, L2TP, and OpenVPN 1 2 . References : Network Defense Essentials - EC-Council Learning , VPN Protocols Explained & Compared: OpenVPN, IPSec, PPTP, IKEv2

S/MIME (Secure/Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) is a protocol that provides security services for email messages, such as encryption, digital signature, authentication, and integrity. S/MIME is based on the MIME standard, which defines the format and structure of email messages. S/MIME uses public-key cryptography to encrypt and decrypt the message content and to sign and verify the message sender. S/MIME supports various algorithms for encryption and digital signature, such as Diffie-Hellman, DSS, RSA, and triple DES. S/MIME is widely used for secure email communication in various applications and platforms, such as Outlook, Gmail, and Thunderbird. S/MIME is the protocol that employs the features mentioned in the question, namely Diffie-Hellman (X9.42) with DSS for digital signature and triple DES for encryption. References :

S/MIME - Week 7: Email Security

S/MIME - Wikipedia

S/MIME Version 3.2 Message Specification

SHA-3 is the algorithm that uses a sponge construction where message blocks are XORed into the initial bits of the state that the algorithm then invertible permutes. SHA-3 is a family of cryptographic hash functions that was standardized by NIST in 2015 as a successor to SHA-2. SHA-3 is based on the Keccak algorithm, which won the NIST hash function competition in 2012. SHA-3 uses a sponge construction, which is a simple iterated construction that can produce variable-length output from a fixed-length permutation. The sponge construction operates on a state of b bits, which is divided into two sections: the bitrate r and the capacity c. The sponge construction has two phases: the absorbing phase and the squeezing phase. In the absorbing phase, the input message is padded and divided into blocks of r bits. Each block is XORed into the first r bits of the state, and then the state is transformed by the permutation function f. This process continues until all the input blocks are processed. In the squeezing phase, the output is generated by repeatedly applying the permutation function f to the state and extracting the first r bits as output blocks. The output can be truncated to the desired length. SHA-3 uses a permutation function f that is based on a round function that consists of five steps: theta, rho, pi, chi, and iota. These steps perform bitwise operations, rotations, permutations, and additions on the state. The permutation function f is invertible, meaning that it can be reversed to obtain the previous state. SHA-3 has four variants with different output lengths: SHA3-224, SHA3-256, SHA3-384, and SHA3-512. SHA-3 also supports two additional modes: SHAKE128 and SHAKE256, which are extendable-output functions that can produce arbitrary-length output. References :

Network Defense Essentials Courseware , EC-Council, 2020, pp. 3-23 to 3-25

SHA-3 - Wikipedia , Wikipedia, March 16, 2021

The sponge and duplex constructions - Keccak Team , Keccak Team, 2020

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act (SOX) is a US law that was enacted in 2002 in response to the corporate scandals involving Enron, WorldCom, and others. The SOX aims to protect the public and investors by increasing the accuracy and reliability of corporate disclosures, such as financial statements, audit reports, and internal controls. The SOX also establishes the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) to oversee the auditing of public companies and imposes criminal penalties for fraud and non-compliance 1 2 . References : Network Defense Essentials - EC-Council Learning , Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) | U.S. Department of Labor

The cloud layer of IoT architecture is the layer that hosts the servers that accept, store, and process the sensor data received from IoT gateways. The cloud layer also creates dashboards for monitoring, analyzing, and implementing proactive decisions to tackle the issue. The cloud layer provides scalability, reliability, and security for the IoT system. The cloud layer can use various cloud computing models, such as public, private, hybrid, or community clouds 1 2 . References : Network Defense Essentials - EC-Council Learning , IoT Architecture: The 4 Layers of an IoT System

Dtex Systems is the UBA tool that collects user activity details from multiple sources and uses artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to perform user behavior analysis to prevent and detect various threats before the fraud is perpetrated. Dtex Systems is a user and entity behavior analytics (UEBA) platform that provides visibility, detection, and response capabilities for insider threats, compromised accounts, data loss, and fraud. Dtex Systems collects user activity data from endpoints, servers, cloud applications, and network traffic, and applies advanced analytics and machine learning to establish baselines of normal user behavior, identify anomalies, and assign risk scores. Dtex Systems also provides contextual information, such as user intent, motivation, and sentiment, to help security teams understand and respond to the threats. Dtex Systems can integrate with other security tools, such as SIEM, DLP, or IAM, to enhance the security posture of the organization 1 2 3 . References :

Network Defense Essentials Courseware , EC-Council, 2020, pp. 3-35 to 3-36

Dtex Systems - Wikipedia , Wikipedia, March 16, 2021

Dtex Systems - User and Entity Behavior Analytics (UEBA) , Dtex Systems, 2020

The object of the container network model (CNM) that contains the configuration files of a container’s network stack, such as routing table, container’s interfaces, and DNS settings, is the Sandbox. A Sandbox is a logical entity that encapsulates the network configuration and state of a container. A Sandbox can contain one or more endpoints from different networks, and provides isolation and security for the container’s network stack. A Sandbox can be implemented using various technologies, such as Linux network namespaces, FreeBSD jails, or Windows compartments. A Sandbox allows the container to have its own view and control of the network resources, such as interfaces, addresses, routes, and DNS settings 1 2 3 . References :

The Container Networking Model | Training , Training, 2020

A Comprehensive Guide To Docker Networking - KnowledgeHut , KnowledgeHut, September 27, 2023

Design - GitHub: Let’s build from here , GitHub, 2020