Classification trees support the application of pairwise testing in the following ways:

a. They help to identify inputs to be used by the pairwise test technique - This is true because classification trees show the classes and subclasses of inputs for a given scenario in a graphical way.

b. They show the combinations needed to cover all-pairs - This is true because classification trees can be used to generate the combinations of inputs that cover all pairs using a mathematical algorithm.

c. They help to identify particular combinations of interest - This is true because classification trees can be used to highlight or prioritize certain combinations of inputs that are more relevant or important for the scenario.

d. They show both typical and atypical behavior - This is false because classification trees do not show the behavior or the expected results of the system under test, only the inputs and outputs.

e. They show the expected results for the various test cases - This is false because classification trees do not show the expected results or the verification criteria for the test cases, only the inputs and outputs. Verified References: [ISTQB® Certified Tester Advanced Level Test Analyst CTAL-TA], Section 3.5.2, page 42.

Comprehensive and Detailed in Depth Explanation:

Boundary Value Analysis (BVA)focuses on values at the edges of equivalence partitions, including just inside and just outside the boundary.

Therevised boundariesare:

£500 and £749for the new 5.5% fee band

£750 and £999for the 4.5% fee band

Testing bothvalid and invalid boundariesis essential to ensure accurate fee calculations.

The correct test cases are:

£499 (just below the lower boundary)

£500 (at the lower boundary)

£749 (at the upper boundary of the first band)

£750 (at the lower boundary of the second band)

£999 (at the upper boundary of the second band)

£1000 (just above the upper boundary)

Therefore, the correct answer isD (499, 500, 749, 750, 999, 1000).

Comprehensive and Detailed in Depth Explanation:

Project A:Since the maintenance release involves minor changes and experienced testers are manually executing test cases,high-level test casesare sufficient. These cases outline what to test without detailed steps.

Project B:Developing an algorithm involves complex logic and requiresdetailed validation, solow-level test casesare essential. They provide precise input, expected results, and detailed procedures, which are important fortest automation and audit compliance.

Therefore, the correct answer isA (Project A - High level test cases. Project B - Low level test cases).

The technique that is most likely to support the required functional correctness testing is state transition testing. State transition testing is a technique that tests the behavior of a system or component based on its states and transitions between them. This technique is suitable for testing a system that has different modes or states depending on the input values or events, such as a car navigation system. Verified References: [ISTQB® Certified Tester Advanced Level Test Analyst CTAL-TA], Section 3.4.1, page 39.

Comprehensive and Detailed in Depth Explanation:

The project has multipledrop-down fields with many values, resulting in numerous combinations.

Pairwise testingis ideal for testing combinations efficiently.

Since the project usesSCRUM methodology, it requiresexploratory testingto accommodate changes and rapid feedback during sprints.

Use case testing (Option A)is not suitable since the focus is on combinations rather than functional sequences.

Decision table testing (Option B)would be less efficient due to the large number of combinations.

Classification Tree (Option C)is more suitable for class-based testing, not pairwise combinations.

Thus, the correct answer isD (Pairwise and exploratory testing).

Comprehensive and Detailed in Depth Explanation:

Classification tree diagramsare used to visualize combinations of input classes or partitions, helping in identifying and selecting test cases.

They are closely associated withEquivalence Partitioningbecause they help in identifying classes (partitions) and their combinations.

State transition testing (A)involves states and transitions, not combinations of classes.

Decision table testing (C)involves logical conditions and outcomes, rather than class combinations.

Use case testing (D)focuses on user interactions and scenarios.

Therefore, the correct answer isB (Equivalence partitioning).

The best black-box test technique to test the processing functionality of this system is equivalence partitioning enhanced with boundary value analysis. Equivalence partitioning is a technique that divides the input domain into subdomains that are expected to behave similarly. Boundary value analysis is a technique that tests the values at or near the boundaries of an input domain. These techniques are suitable for testing a system that depends on defined ranges of input variables, as they can ensure that all subdomains and boundary values are covered by test cases. Verified References: [ISTQB® Certified Tester Advanced Level Test Analyst CTAL-TA], Section 3.2.1, page 33 and Section 3.2.2, page 35.