In Huawei's Versatile Routing Platform (VRP), pressing Ctrl+Z is a shortcut that takes the user from any configuration view directly back to the user view. This command is useful for quickly navigating out of multiple levels of configuration back to the main user prompt. This feature is part of the VRP interface management commands for efficient system navigation​.

Detailed Explanation:The default Router Dead Interval in OSPF is 40 seconds for broadcast and point-to-point networks. This interval defines the time period a router waits to receive hello packets before declaring a neighbor as down. (Reference: HCIA-Datacom Training Material, OSPF Hello and Dead Intervals)

CAPWAP (Control and Provisioning of Wireless Access Points) is a protocol that enables centralized control of Fit APs by an AC (Access Controller).

Option A (Incorrect): CAPWAP tunnels only control traffic, while data traffic can be sent via direct forwarding or tunneled forwarding.

Option B (Incorrect): A Fit AP can discover an AC via multiple methods, including broadcast, static configuration, or DHCP Option 43.

Option C (Correct): APs encapsulate user data into CAPWAP packets and send them to the AC for further processing.

Option D (Incorrect): CAPWAP is based on UDP, not TCP, for better efficiency and lower latency.

Thus, the correct answer is C.

Bridge Priority Overview:

Bridge Priority is a key parameter in Spanning Tree Protocol (STP) and is used to elect the root bridge.

The default bridge priority for Huawei switches is 32768, which is the default for many vendors.

How STP Uses Bridge Priority:

Lower bridge priority values are preferred during root bridge elections.

Administrators can modify this value for desired root bridge placement.

References: HCIA-Datacom V1.0 Certification Guide, Chapter 8: Spanning Tree Protocol.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation:

OSPF neighbor states occur in the following sequence:

Down → No Hello packets received.

Init → Hello received, but no bidirectional communication yet.

2-Way → Bidirectional Hello exchange, DR/BDR election happens here.

ExStart → Master/slave relationship is determined (B is correct).

Exchange → Routers exchange Database Description (DD) packets to describe their LSDBs (A and D are correct).

Loading → Link State Requests (LSR) and Link State Updates (LSU) occur.

Full → LSDB synchronization is complete (C is correct).

✅ Reference: HCIA-Datacom Routing Guide – OSPF Neighbor States

In RSTP (Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol), the Backup port serves as a backup for the Designated port on the same bridge segment, not the root port. If the root port fails, the alternate port, not the backup port, takes over to maintain connectivity to the root bridge. The backup port does not have the capability to replace the root port​.

For link aggregation (such as LACP) to function properly, the physical interface rates and duplex modes on each end of the aggregated link must match. This alignment ensures smooth data transfer across the aggregated link, as mismatched settings would lead to connectivity issues or performance degradation​.