Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation (Cisco NFVI / Virtualization Knowledge)

SR-IOV (Single Root I/O Virtualization)allows a VM to access the network interface hardwaredirectly, without going through the hypervisor’s virtual switch.

This is achieved by:

Assigning Virtual Functions (VFs) directly to VMs

Allowing high-performance, low-latency packet I/O

Bypassing the hypervisor datapath

Therefore, SR-IOV doesnotbypass the guest OS; it bypasses thehypervisor I/O virtualization layer, delivering near-native performance.

Thus the correct answer isC.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation

In Cisco NFVI security architecture, the primary defense againstlateral movement(an attacker moving from one compromised node to another) isnetwork segmentation.

Segmentation:

Separates workloads (compute, storage, management, tenant networks)

Prevents attackers from pivoting inside the NFVI

Reduces blast radius during breaches

Enforces micro-segmented virtual network boundaries

WPA protects Wi-Fi, not NFVI.

WAF protects web apps, not internal movement.

Data encryption protects confidentiality, not lateral movement control.

Thus,network segmentationis the correct solution.

For asite-to-site IPsec VPN, each peer must point to thereachable IP address of the remote VPN endpoint—that is, the IP address on the WAN/Internet-facing interface of the remote router.

From the diagram:

R1 outside (toward Internet):192.168.10.1

R2 outside (toward Internet):192.168.20.2

Inside LANs:

Site 1:10.1.0.0/24

Site 2:10.2.0.0/24

The crypto map on R1 uses:

crypto map mymap 10 ipsec-isakmp

set transform-set myset

match address 101

set peer

The must be the IP address where R1 can actually reach the IPsec peer, which is R2’s Internet-facing interface192.168.20.2.

If the peer were configured with a LAN IP such as 10.2.0.1 (site 2’s internal gateway), IKE packets would never reach the remote router because that address is not routable over the Internet.

Therefore, the correct command to bring up the VPN is:

set peer 192.168.20.2

Option A (10.1.0.1)– local LAN IP (R1’s side), not the remote endpoint.

Option C (192.168.10.1)– R1’s own WAN IP, not the remote peer.

Option D (10.2.0.1)– remote LAN IP, not reachable directly over the Internet.

In Cisco SD-WAN,vSmart controllers must be assigned to controller groupsso that edge routers can form redundant control-plane connections. Each data center in the diagram has its own group:

New York DC → Controller group-ID 1(vSmart1, vSmart2, vSmart3)

Los Angeles DC → Controller group-ID 2(vSmart4, vSmart5, vSmart6)

To configure the controllers correctly:

vSmart1

It resides in theNew York DC, so it must be assigned tocontroller-group 1.

Required command:

system controller-group-id 1

This corresponds toOption D.

vSmart4

It resides in theLos Angeles DC, so it must be assigned tocontroller-group 2.

Required command:

system controller-group-id 2

This corresponds toOption C.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect

A and B:The command max-control-connections is configured onedge routers, not vSmart controllers.

E:Controller-group-id 4 does not exist in this design; only group 1 and group 2 are shown.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation

BGP Flowspec allows routers to distributetraffic-filtering rulesusing BGP NLRI.

To enable Flowspec, after neighbors are configured, the essential next step is:

✔Activate the Flowspec address-family under BGP

Example:

router bgp 65000

address-family ipv4 flowspec

neighbor X.X.X.X activate

exit-address-family

This enables:

FlowSpec NLRI exchange

Distribution of drop rules (rate-limit, redirect, null route, etc.)

Automatic ACL/class-map/policy-map generation on edge routers

Why the other options are incorrect:

B. Set BGP routing process→ already done when neighbors were configured

C. Activate neighbors→ only makes senseinsidean address-family; flowspec AF must be enabled first

D. Configure route reflector→ optional and not required for Flowspec to operate

Thus, the correct next step isA. Configure Flowspec for the BGP address-family.

In a BGP EVPN VXLAN multi-homing design, Ethernet Segment Identifiers (ESIs) are used to represent a set of links from one or more leaf switches to the same downstream device (such as a CE, firewall, or aggregation switch). By default, when multiple leafs share the same ESI, the EVPN design supportsall-activeredundancy, where all participating leafs can forward traffic for that Ethernet segment simultaneously.

However, some use cases—like connecting to devices that do not support multipath forwarding or for strict active/standby redundancy—requiresingle-activemulti-homing. In single-active mode, only one leaf in the Ethernet segment forwards traffic at any time; the other leaf(s) act as standby and only take over if the active node fails. This behavior is explicitly controlled in the EVPN Ethernet-segment configuration.

On Cisco platforms for EVPN VXLAN fabrics, this is configured under thel2vpn evpn ethernet-segmentstanza using the command:

l2vpn evpn ethernet-segment 1

identifier type 0 01.01.01.10.10.10.10.10.10.10

redundancy single-active

identifier type 0 ... defines the ESI for the multi-homed connection.

redundancy single-active specifies that only one leaf in that ESI is allowed to be active at a time, thus enablingdual-homing with single-active redundancy.

The other options do not relate to Ethernet-segment redundancy mode:

B. default-gateway advertiseis used in EVPN anycast gateway configurations to advertise the default gateway MAC/IP, not for ESI redundancy.

C. replication-type staticis associated with multicast or ingress replication behavior for VXLAN VTEPs, not Ethernet-segment redundancy.

D. vlan configuration 101is a VLAN configuration context command and has no effect on EVPN ESI redundancy.

Comprehensive and Detailed Explanation From Cisco SP Cloud Network Infrastructure Security Knowledge

Cloud security compliance frameworks (such as ISO 27001, PCI-DSS, GDPR, SOC 2, HIPAA) require:

Evidence of security events

Retention of logs for audit periods

Ability to generate compliance reports

Traceability and accountability

Incident investigation support

Effective log management enables:

Centralized collection of application, network, and system logs

Storage of logs for mandated retention periods

Generation ofaudit-ready reports

Documentation required for compliance assessments

Demonstration that monitoring and security controls are active and functioning

Therefore, the role of log management in regulatory compliance is primarily aboutdocumentation, traceability, auditing, and reporting, which aligns only with Option A.

The other options do not directly serve regulatory compliance requirements:

Brelates to resource optimization, not compliance.

Crefers to interoperability, which is unrelated to regulatory auditing.

Dimproves security but does not directly address compliance documentation.