VXLAN networkssuffer from ARP floodingbecause ARP requests arebroadcasted across all VTEPsin a Layer 2 domain. Toreduce ARP flooding, the following mechanisms can be enabled:

✅A. Local Proxy ARP

Allows the local VTEP to respond to ARP requests without forwarding them across the VXLAN network.

The VTEPcaches MAC-IP mappingsand replies directly to ARP requests, reducing unnecessary flooding.

✅B. ARP Broadcast Suppression

Converts ARP broadcast packets into unicast or multicast packetsto minimize network-wide flooding.

✅C. Host Information Collection

Collects and stores MAC-IP bindings of endpoints, which can be used by proxy ARP to reduce flooding.

Incorrect Answer:

❌D. Port Isolation

Port isolation prevents communication between devices within the same VLANbut doesnot help reduce ARP floodingbetween VTEPs.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei VXLAN Configuration Guide – ARP Optimization Techniques

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Reducing ARP Broadcasts in VXLAN Networks

IS-IS Multi-Process:

Huawei devices support runningmultiple IS-IS processes simultaneously.

These processes arecompletely independentof one another: different LSDBs, interfaces, routing tables, etc.

Each process can be associated with aseparate VPN instance, and asingle VPN instance can be served by multiple IS-IS processes.

IS-IS Multi-Instance:

One IS-IS process canrun multiple instances, typically used formulti-VPN scenarios.

However, Huawei's current implementation prefersone VPN per processfor clarity and control.

Based on Huawei’s design:

Ais incorrect — an IS-IS processcanserve multiple VPNs in other vendors, but Huawei typically uses one process per VPN for clean separation.

Bis correct — a VPN instance can be associated withmultiple IS-IS processes.

Cis incorrect in Huawei implementation context.

Dis correct —IS-IS processes are independent.

Correct answers: B, D

Huawei AR routers used as egress gateways in CloudCampus solutions support multiple onboarding and deployment methods, including:

DHCP Option 148-based auto-deployment

Web-based management

CLI-based deployment and configuration (also supported)

So, the statement is incorrect—CLI-based deployment is supported.

Exact Extract - Huawei CloudCampus AR Router Deployment Guide:

“AR series routers support multiple deployment methods including CLI, DHCP Option 148, and web-based registration.”

Before performing anetwork cutover (migration or upgrade), it is essential to collectbaseline datato ensure that services operate normally before and after the change.

Importance of Pre-Cutover Information Collection:

Identifies Network Baseline– Helps comparepre-cutover and post-cutover performance.

Detects Hidden Issues– Ensures that no existing network issues interfere with the cutover process.

Prevents Service Interruptions– Ensures all dependent services are accounted for.

Provides Rollback Plan– If issues arise, administrators canrestore previous configurations.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei Network Change Management Guide – Pre-Cutover & Post-Cutover Best Practices

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Service Assurance & Risk Analysis

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

When configuring avirtualized campus networkoniMaster NCE-Campus, the platform supports automatic delivery of routing policies when connecting to external networks, including the Internet.

This feature ensures that traffic destined for external networks isautomatically directed to the appropriate egress points.

TheNCE-Campusautomatically creates and delivers thedefault routeor specific routes, depending on the network topology and configuration.

This simplifies network management by eliminating the need for manual route configuration on each device.

Therefore, the statement isTRUE.

✅A. encoding: indicates the character set encoding format. Currently, only UTF-8 encoding is supported.

UTF-8 is the default and only supported character encoding in NETCONF XML.

✅B. /: indicates the end of the current tag.

In XML, closes an element, defining the end of a structure.

✅C.

The

✅D. ?>: indicates the end of an instruction.

Closes theXML declaration.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei NETCONF Development Guide – XML Formatting Rules

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Understanding XML in Network Automation

IS-IS (Intermediate System to Intermediate System) protocolhas a limit on the size ofLink-State PDUs (LSPs).

Why Fragmentation?

LSPs contain routing and topology information.

If the LSPexceeds the maximum size, fragmentationallows the device to store and forward more routesby breaking them into smaller LSPs.

Key Point:IS-ISfragmentation is essentialin large-scale networks where routing tables grow beyond the default LSP size limit.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide - IS-IS Protocol and Route Scaling

Network Slicing Using Channelized Sub-Interfaces and FlexE

Bothchannelized sub-interfacesandFlexE (Flexible Ethernet)are used fornetwork slicing, but they have differentapplication scenarios:

✅A. Channelized sub-interface is recommended for interfaces with bandwidth < 50 Gbit/s.

Channelized sub-interfacessplit a physical interfaceinto multiple logical sub-interfaces.

Best for lower-bandwidth links (<50 Gbit/s).

✅B. FlexE is recommended for 50GE and higher-rate interfaces.

FlexEdivides a high-bandwidth physical link(e.g.,100GE, 400GE) into multiple virtual slices.

Used in high-speed backbone and data center networks.

✅C. Only FlexE-based network slicing can be deployed across OTN devices.

FlexE is compatible with Optical Transport Network (OTN)and can be used for long-haul slicing across OTN.

❌D. Only channelized sub-interface-based network slicing can be deployed across MSTP devices.

Incorrect!While MSTP supports channelized interfaces,FlexE is not restricted to MSTP deployment.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei FlexE Technology Whitepaper – Network Slicing in Transport Networks

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Channelized Sub-Interface and FlexE in Network Slicing

Congestion Avoidance in Networking

Congestion avoidance mechanismsprevent packet loss and delayby managing queues before congestion occurs.

Common Congestion Avoidance Techniques:

Weighted Random Early Detection (WRED)– Randomly drops low-priority packets before congestion builds up.

Explicit Congestion Notification (ECN)– Marks packets instead of dropping them to signal congestion.

Queue Management– Techniques likepriority queuing (PQ) and weighted fair queuing (WFQ)help prevent congestion.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei QoS Configuration Guide – Congestion Avoidance Technologies

HCIE-Datacom Study Material – Traffic Management and Queue Optimization

The free mobility solution in Huawei iMaster NCE-Campus allows:

Centralized policy management via the controller

Security group-based policies, decoupled from IPs/VLANs

Automatic policy delivery, no need to configure repeatedly per device

Dynamic mapping of users and IPs via security group subscriptions

Exact Extract - Huawei iMaster NCE-Campus Solution White Paper:

“Free mobility uses security groups and centralized control to enable consistent policy enforcement, avoiding repetitive configurations and simplifying policy management.”

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

MACsec (Media Access Control Security)is a security protocol that provides securecommunication over Ethernet links. It operates at the MAC layer (Layer 2) and offers the following key security services:

Integrity Check (B):Ensures that data has not been tampered with during transmission.

User Data Encryption (C):Protects data confidentiality by encrypting the payload.

Data Source Authenticity Verification (D):Confirms that the data originates from a legitimate source by using security associations.

Controllability Check (A)is not a service provided by MACsec. The term "controllability" typically relates to network management and configuration control rather than data security. MACsec primarily focuses on protecting data integrity, confidentiality, and authenticity, rather than controlling network elements or configurations.

Static information collection and analysisrefers to gatheringnon-changing (static) parametersof the network devices. These parameters are mostlyconfiguration-relatedand do not fluctuate dynamically.

Explanation of Correct Options:

✅A. Device types

Includes information about thehardware platform, model, and series of the device.

Example:Huawei NE40E, CE12800, or AR routers.

✅C. License

Licenses define feature capabilities, such as MPLS, BGP, or security functions.

Licenses arestatic parametersbecause they do not change unless manually updated.

Incorrect Options:

❌B. Interface types

Interface types (GigabitEthernet, FastEthernet, Serial, etc.)can changedepending on hardware or software configurations.

They arenot staticbecause interfaces can beadded or removed dynamically.

❌D. Packet loss rate

Packet loss rate is a dynamic parameter, as it varies depending on network conditions, congestion, or faults.

It is used inperformance monitoringrather than static data collection.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei Network Management Best Practices – Static & Dynamic Data Collection

HCIE-Datacom Guide – Network Monitoring and Analysis

Huawei NCE-Campus Network Health Check Manual

On the2.4 GHzband, onlythree non-overlapping channelsexist:1, 6, and 11.

Inhigh-density WLAN scenarios, channels like1, 5, 9, and 13can be used withlower transmit powerto reduce co-channel interference — though they slightly overlap, they can work in dense deployments when managed properly.

On the5 GHzband, there are many non-overlapping channels. It’s recommended tostagger high and low channelsamong adjacent APs toavoid interference.

Correct answer: A. TRUE

A screenshot of a computer AI-generated content may be incorrect.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

ThegRPC-based telemetry protocolutilizesprotocol buffers (.proto files)to define the structure and data format used in communication between a client and a server. In Huawei's telemetry architecture, these files are categorized based on their roles in the data model.

1. RPC Layer:

File:huawei-grpc-dialin.proto

TheRPC layer (Remote Procedure Call layer)handles communication between the client and server.

The filehuawei-grpc-dialin.protodefines thegRPC service interfaces, message structures, and procedures for remote method invocation.

It is essential forestablishing communicationandinvoking telemetry data collection.

Function:Managesdial-in and dial-out connectionsbetween the telemetry client and the server.

2. Telemetry Layer:

File:huawei-telemetry.proto

Thetelemetry layeris responsible forcollecting, packaging, and exporting telemetry data.

The filehuawei-telemetry.protocontains thedata modelused for telemetry reporting, includingstreaming data formatsandtelemetry messages.

It defines how thecollected datais organized and transmitted.

Function:Provides astructured way to export telemetry datain real-time or batch mode.

3. Service Data Layer:

File:huawei-debug.proto

Theservice data layercontains data models related todiagnostics, debugging, and operational data.

The filehuawei-debug.protois used tocollect debugging informationfrom network devices.

This file is crucial fortroubleshooting and monitoring the healthof the system.

Function:Facilitatesdebugging and diagnostic telemetry data collection.

Why This Mapping Is Correct:

The mapping is based on thefunctional role of each layerand thepurpose of each .proto filein the Huawei gRPC-based telemetry architecture.

Correctly identifying the file location is crucial foreffective telemetry configurationanddata collection.

HuaweiiMaster NCE-Campusprovidesopen APIsfor seamless integration with third-party applications and services. Each API serves a specific purpose in managingnetwork security, operations, analytics, and user interactions.

1. Authentication and authorization → Third-party authentication API

This API is used to integrate third-party authentication systems, such as:

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)

RADIUS (Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service)

OAuth/OpenID authentication

It ensures secureuser identity verification, access control, and single sign-on (SSO)in CloudCampus networks.

2. Network O&M → Infrastructure API

TheInfrastructure APIprovides tools fornetwork monitoring, diagnostics, and automated management.

It is used for:

Device status monitoring

Network topology visualization

Fault detection and real-time alerts

Performance optimization

3. LBS (Location-Based Services) → LBS API

TheLBS APIenables applications to accesslocation datacollected by the network.

It is used for:

Tracking users or assets within a campus network

Heatmap generation and movement analytics

Geo-fencing and location-based policies

4. Crowd profiling → VAS API

VAS (Value-Added Services) APIis designed foradvanced analytics and business intelligence.

It supports:

User behavior analytics

Demographic profiling

Marketing strategies based on network usage patterns

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

HCIE-Datacom Training Guide – CloudCampus Solution

Huawei iMaster NCE-Campus API Documentation

Huawei CloudCampus Solution Whitepaper – Open API and Use Cases

Understanding the Routing Table Entries on R4

0.0.0.0/0 (Default Route)is installedtwicein the routing table.

TheNextHopvalues for the default route:

10.1.24.1 (GigabitEthernet0/0/1)

10.1.34.1 (GigabitEthernet0/0/0)

Cost:Both routes have a metric (Cost) of10, meaning they areequal-cost routes.

Protocol:ISIS-L1 (Intermediate System to Intermediate System - Level 1) confirms these routes are coming fromIS-IS routing.

Flags:D (Dynamic) means these routes were dynamically learned via IS-IS.

Why is Option D Correct?

Since both routeshave the same cost (10), they are consideredequal-costdefault routes.

The routerwill use both routes in a load-sharingfashion.

The answeris NOT A(Four equal-cost routes) because there areonly twodefault routes, not four.

The answeris NOT B(One default route) because there aretwo default routesin the table.

The answeris NOT C(Two default routes with different costs) because both routes havethe same cost (10).

Real-World Application

Equal-Cost Multi-Path (ECMP):The router can performload balancingacross the two equal-cost paths.

Resilience & Redundancy:If one link fails, the other can take over without re-calculating the entire routing table.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Study Guide – IS-IS Routing & ECMP Load Balancing

IGP Metric Design in Enterprise WANs

In anenterprise bearer WAN, routingmetrics determine path selection. Theaggregation layerconnects multiple access-layer devices to the core network, so it should have alower metricto:

✅Ensure traffic is forwarded through higher-capacity aggregation links instead of lower-bandwidth access links.

✅Optimize traffic flow, reduce congestion, and improve network efficiency.

✅Enhance reliability by preferring more stable aggregation links.

IGP Routing Protocols Considerations:

OSPF: Lower cost values indicate preferred paths.

IS-IS: Lower link metrics result in preferred forwarding paths.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei IGP Design Guide – Enterprise WAN Routing Optimization

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Metric Calculation and Path Selection in OSPF/IS-IS

VXLAN tunnel configuration, you donot use a control planelike BGP EVPN. Instead, youmanually configureall necessary forwarding parameters, including:VNI (VXLAN Network Identifier): Identifies the VXLAN segment.VTEP IP Address: The remote tunnel endpoint.Ingress Replication List: Required for multicast emulation (flooding/BUM traffic) in the absence of a multicast control plane.Whenconfiguring statically, theVNIis essential to map Layer 2/3 services to the correct VXLAN segment.Thus, the correct word to complete the sentence is:VNICorrect answer: VNI

Huawei’suser access authentication configurationincludes the following components:

AAA scheme: Defines how users are authenticated (local, RADIUS, HWTACACS, etc.).

Domain: Groups users and associates them with an AAA scheme.

Access profile: Defines access control rules like 802.1X, MAC, Portal, or multi-mode authentication.

Correct workflow:

Bind theauthentication profile(which references the access profile) to theuser access interface.

Not the other way around.

Incorrect statement:

D.It incorrectly states youbind the access profile to the authentication profile, when in fact, theauthentication profile binds the access profileand is applied to the interface.

Correct answer: D

Node segments in SR-MPLS (Segment Routing over MPLS) are typically automatically generated and distributed via IGP protocols (such as IS-IS or OSPF) using SR extensions. There is no need to manually configure node segments on every router.

Exact Extract – Huawei HCIE-Datacom Study Guide – Segment Routing:

“Node SIDs are automatically generated and advertised by IGPs with SR extensions. Manual configuration is not required except in special cases like adjacency SIDs.”

BGP in Huawei SD-WAN

Huawei SD-WAN usesBGP (Border Gateway Protocol) as the primary routing protocolto exchange VPN routes between Customer Premises Equipment (CPEs) and the controller.

✅Why BGP is Used in SD-WAN?

Scalability: BGP can handle a large number of VPN routes.

Policy-Based Routing: BGP allowstraffic engineering and policy controlacross SD-WAN tunnels.

Multiprotocol Support: Huawei SD-WAN usesMP-BGP to exchange IPv4, IPv6, and VPNv4 routes.

In OSPFv3 (used for IPv6), Link LSAs (Type 8) are not advertised throughout the entire area. Instead, they are only advertised on a specific link (i.e., the local link). This differs from OSPFv2, where LSAs like Type 1 or Type 2 are advertised across the area.

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom V1.0 Courseware - Chapter: OSPFv3 Operation

“Link LSAs are generated by routers for each attached link and sent only on that link, not flooded throughout the area.”

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Analyzing the output:

A. The device sends sampled data every second:Correct. Thesample interval is 1000 ms (1 second).

B. The subscription name is Sub1:Correct. Thesubscription nameis clearly shown asSub1.

C. The subscription mode is static subscription:Correct. Since theSub-stateisPASSIVE, it indicates astatic subscription.

D. The IP address of the device is 192.168.56.1:Incorrect. The IP address192.168.56.1shown in the output is thedestination IPwhere the telemetry data is sent, not the IP address of the device itself.

From the output:

Tunnel destination IP address: Clearly shown as destination 10.0.1.1 →✅

Tunnel interface MTU: Shown as The Maximum Transmit Unit is 1500 →✅

Tunnel interface IP: Shown as Internet Address is 20.1.1.2/24 →✅

Tunnel source: Tunnel source 10.0.3.3 (LoopBack0) → Not 10.0.1.1 →❌

Therefore:

A— Correct

B— Correct

C— Correct

D— Incorrect (confuses destination as source)

Correct answers: A, B, C

Dynamic VLAN Authorization in Huawei CloudCampus

Dynamic VLAN assignmentallows users to be placed into specific VLANsbased on authentication methods, ensuring security and network segmentation.

Correct Explanations:

✅A. Wired users using 802.1X authentication receive VLAN assignments dynamically.

After authentication,the access control system (e.g., iMaster NCE-Campus)assigns VLANs dynamically.

✅C. Wireless users using 802.1X authentication also receive VLAN assignments.

Similar to wired users,wireless 802.1X authentication allows dynamic VLAN assignmentvia the RADIUS server.

✅D. Wired users using MAC authentication can receive VLAN assignments.

If a userdoes not support 802.1X, MAC authentication can still be used to assign VLANs dynamically.

Incorrect Statement Explanation:

❌B. When wireless users pass Portal authentication, they join the authorization VLANs delivered to edge nodes.

Wrong!InPortal authentication, VLAN assignmentis not dynamically deliveredbecausePortal authentication typically applies access policies, not VLAN changes.

Dynamic VLAN assignment is mainly used with 802.1X or MAC authentication.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei CloudCampus Configuration Guide – Dynamic VLAN Assignment and Authentication

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – VLAN Authorization in Virtualized Campus Networks

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

NSR (Non-Stop Routing)andNSF (Non-Stop Forwarding)are high-availability mechanisms used to maintain network stability during routing process failures:

NSR (Non-Stop Routing):

Operates within thelocal router only.

Keeps routing information synchronized between theactive and standby processes.

Does not require collaboration from neighboring routers.

NSF (Non-Stop Forwarding):

Requires collaboration from neighboring routersthat support graceful restart.

The router undergoing failover relies on its neighbors tomaintain forwarding tableswhile control plane recovery takes place.

Neighboring routers must supportGR (Graceful Restart)for NSF to function correctly.

Therefore, the correct answer isBbecauseNSF requires neighboring router collaboration, whileNSR does not.

In BGP4+ (used for IPv6 routing), the MP_REACH_NLRI attribute is used to advertise reachable routes. The Next Hop field must:

Contain a global unicast IPv6 address

Link-local addresses are not used in MP_REACH_NLRI because they are valid only on a local link and not suitable for inter-AS routing.

RFC 2545 (Multiprotocol Extensions for BGP-4) also states that the Next Hop must be a routable global address.

Therefore:

C. It must be a global unicast address — is correct.

The other options involving link-local addresses are incorrect.

In hot standby (active-active/load balancing) scenarios, Quick Session Backup is critical. This function ensures that session entries are immediately synchronized between firewalls to handle asymmetric traffic (where return traffic goes through a different firewall than the forward traffic).

Without it, the return packet may be dropped due to missing session information on the alternate firewall.

Exact Extract - HCIE-Datacom Security Module:

“When VGMP is in load balancing mode, quick session backup must be enabled to prevent traffic loss due to inconsistent forward and return paths.”

Link-LSA (Type 8)in OSPFv3 performs the following:

Advertises therouter’s link-local addressto neighbors.

Advertises therouter’s interface IDon the link.

CarriesIPv6 prefixesassociated with the interface (since Router LSA no longer does this in OSPFv3).

TheOptions field in Link-LSAcontainscapabilities of the originating router,notthe options from Network-LSA.

So,Option D is incorrect— the Link-LSA doesnot advertise options from the Network-LSA.

Correct answer: D

Traffic Diversion in SR-MPLS Policy

SR-MPLS Policiesuse traffic steering mechanismsto direct specific flows toSegment Routing paths (SR Policies). When multiple services share thesame destination address,color-based traffic diversionensuresdifferentiated service treatment.

✅B. Color-based traffic diversion (Correct Answer)

Traffic is classified based on "color" (a BGP-SR policy attribute) and mapped to different SR-MPLS tunnels.

Different colors represent different paths(e.g., high-priority services can use an optimized low-latency path).

This method ensures service qualityby directing traffic according topolicy-based routing decisions.

Understanding BFD (Bidirectional Forwarding Detection)

BFDis ahigh-speed fault detection protocolused to monitor link failures inmilliseconds.

It operates atLayer 2 (Data Link Layer) and Layer 3 (Network Layer)to providefast convergence.

Why Can BFD Detect Failures in Milliseconds?

Useslightweight control packetsthat are exchanged between routers.

Works withOSPF, IS-IS, BGP, and MPLSto trigger fast convergence.

Detection time = (Transmit Interval) × (Detect Multiplier)

Example: If the interval is3msand the multiplier is3, failure detection takes9ms.

Why is the Answer TRUE?

✅BFD achieves millisecond-level detectionby sending rapid probe packets.

✅Used in high-availability networkswhere link failures must be detected inreal-time.

Real-World Application

Service Provider Networks:BFD improves network resilience by detecting link failuresfaster than traditional routing timers.

Enterprise WANs:Used inSD-WANsto switch paths dynamically.

MPLS Fast Reroute (FRR):Works withMPLS Traffic Engineeringfor near-instantaneous failover.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – BFD for Fast Link Failure Detection

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

The IP prefix list configuration:

ip ip-prefix TEST permit 10.0.0.0 24 less-equal 30

10.0.0.0/24: Matches because it falls within the10.0.0.0/24prefix with thesame prefix length (24).

10.0.1.0/24: Matches because it also falls within the/24network range.

10.0.2.0/24: Matches for the same reason as the above.

10.0.0.1/30: Matches because it falls within the/24 prefixand itssubnet length (30)is within theless-equal 30range.

The prefix list permits any route that falls within the10.0.0.0/24network with asubnet mask ranging from /24 to /30. Therefore,all given routes are matched.

Understanding User Authentication Points in a Network

Authentication pointscan be deployed at different network layersbased on security and scalability needs:

✅Access Layer Authentication:

Ensureshigh security & granular control(user-level authentication).

Preferred inhigh-security enterprise networks.

✅Aggregation or Core Layer Authentication:

Reduces authentication overheadbutprovides less granular control.

Suitable forlarge-scale networkswhere authentication load needs to be balanced.

Analysis of the Answer Choices:

✅A. Deploying user authentication points at the access layer achieves granular permission management and high network security.

Correct:Providesfine-grained control per userand prevents unauthorized access.

✅B. Moving user authentication points from the access layer to the aggregation or core layer greatly reduces the number of user authentication points, thereby effectively mitigating the pressure on the AAA server.

Correct:Fewer authentication points meanless load on the AAA server.

✅C. Deploying user authentication points at the access layer has both advantages and disadvantages when compared to doing so at the aggregation or core layer. Policy association can be applied if user authentication points are deployed at the access layer.

Correct:Policy-based authentication isbest applied at the access layerforgranular control.

❌D. When user authentication points are moved from the access layer to the aggregation layer, MAC address authentication for users may fail.

Incorrect:MAC authentication worksat both layers, butpolicy adjustmentsmay be needed.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Guide – User Authentication Strategies in Enterprise Networks

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Telemetry in a narrow senserefers specifically to thedevice-side telemetryprocess, which includes the following key modules:

Data generation (A):The device collects and generates telemetry data, such as performance metrics or operational statistics.

Data push (B):The deviceactively pushes the collected datato the configured destination (such as a collector or management system) using a data streaming protocol.

Data source (C):The entity on the device that generates or provides themonitored data.

Data subscription (D)isnot part of the device-side telemetry; it is related to themanagement system side, where users subscribe to specific telemetry data streams.

Therefore, the correct answers areA, B, C.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

A. When planning paths based on bandwidth:Correct. The available bandwidth of each interface must beset in advanceto allow path planning based on bandwidth requirements.

B. When planning paths based on delay:Correct. To plan paths considering delay, you need to deployTWAMP (Two-Way Active Measurement Protocol)oriFIT (Intelligent Flow Information Telemetry)to measure thereal-time delayon network links.

C. If the controller plans SR-MPLS Policy paths:Incorrect. The controller can planprimary, backup, and load-balanced paths, enablingtraffic distribution across multiple paths.

D. Statically planned SR-MPLS Policy paths:Correct. You canmanually configure load balancingfor the primary path when planning the SR-MPLS Policy path statically.

Huawei Open Programmability System (OPS) and Scripting Support

HuaweiOPS (Open Programmability System)enables network automation usingscript-based programmingfordevice management and configuration.

✅Python is the primary language integrated into Huawei OPS.

Python scripts can automate device configurations, monitoring, and troubleshooting.

OPS supports Python libraries for interacting with network APIs and CLI commands.

Used for Huawei CloudCampus, SDN, and Datacom devices.

Telemetry Data Collection in Huawei Devices

Telemetry allowsreal-time streaming of network performance databased on predefinedsampling paths. Supported sampling paths include:

✅A. Interface statistics

Monitors real-time traffic usage, errors, and packet loss on interfaces.

✅C. CPU information

Tracks CPU utilization and performance metrics.

✅D. Memory information

Monitors RAM usage and system memory consumption.

Incorrect Answer:

❌B. Information about the optical module on an interface

Telemetry does not natively support direct optical module monitoring; instead, SNMP or CLI commands like display transceiver are used.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei Telemetry Configuration Guide – Supported Sampling Paths

HCIE-Datacom Study Material – Network Performance Monitoring with Telemetry

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

The diagram shows aWAN networkwhereSegment Routing (SR)is used in conjunction with theiMaster NCEcontroller. The network consists ofData Centers (DCs),Branches,Provider Edge (PE)routers, andRoute Reflectors (RR)withinAS 65600. Let's analyze each network technology and its placement in the scenario.

1. BGP-LS (Border Gateway Protocol - Link State):

Application Location:1 (PE to RR)

BGP-LS is used tocollect and distribute network topology informationfrom theIGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)domain.

It enables theiMaster NCE(controller) to learn about the network topology and SR information from PE routers.

The PE routers send theirlink-state informationto theRRusingBGP-LS.

Why Location 1:

The RR collects topology data from PEs and forwards it to the controller for path computation.

2. BGP (Border Gateway Protocol):

Application Location:2 (RR to iMaster NCE)

Standard BGP is used forroute distributionandnetwork connectivity.

The RR usesBGPto exchange route information with thecontroller(iMaster NCE).

Why Location 2:

TheRRaggregates routes and exchanges them with the iMaster NCE for centralized management.

3. MP-IBGP (Multiprotocol Internal BGP):

Application Location:3 (PE to PE)

MP-IBGP is used toexchange VPNv4 and VPNv6 routesbetween PE routers within thesame AS.

It allows PEs toadvertise VPN routesacross thebackbone network.

Why Location 3:

PEs need to communicate VPN-related information within the AS, ensuring end-to-end connectivity between DCs and branches.

4. BGP SR-Policy/PCEP (Path Computation Element Protocol):

Application Location:4 (iMaster NCE to PE)

BGP SR-Policy andPCEPare used by thecontrollertodistribute SR policiesto the PE routers.

TheiMaster NCEcalculates optimal paths and sends the SR policies to PEs viaBGP SR-PolicyorPCEP.

Why Location 4:

The controller programs theSegment Routing pathsdirectly to the PEs for optimal traffic engineering.

Why This Mapping Is Correct:

The mapping is based on theroles and functions of each protocolwithin theSR-based WAN architecture. The controller uses BGP-LS to learn topology, BGP for route reflection, MP-IBGP for VPN route exchange, and BGP SR-Policy/PCEP for path computation and distribution.

Error analysis:

The error SSLError and CertificateError indicates the server's SSL certificate'shostname doesn't match the IP addressbeing used in the request.

This happens when acertificate is issued for a domain (like devzone.huawei.com), but the client accesses it via an IP address (139.9.213.72), causing atrust failure.

Correct statements:

A—✅: The client doesn't trust the SSL certificate → correct.

B—✅: SSL verification fails due to hostname mismatch.

C—✅: Disabling verification with verify=False bypasses the check (only recommended in lab/testing environments).

D—❌: Uses http instead of https, which changes protocol and defeats the purpose of SSL. Also uses POST without API path.

Correct answers: A, B, C

Let's dissect each option based on OSPFv3 LSA behavior from Huawei HCIE Datacom documentation.

✅ Option A: Correct

OSPFv3 uses Router LSAs (Type 1) to describe the local interfaces, links, and neighbors.

R1, as part of Area 0, will generate Router-LSAs and receive Router-LSAs from neighbors in the same area (R2 and R3 via switch S1).

Huawei Datacom Reference:

"Each OSPFv3 router originates a Type 1 Router LSA for each area it belongs to."

(Source: HCIE-Datacom Study Guide v3.0 - OSPFv3 Fundamentals)

❌ Option B: Incorrect (Correct Answer)

Link-LSAs (Type 8) are not sent between routers. They are only generated for each link on which the router has at least one neighbor. These LSAs are only flooded on the local link.

R1 cannot receive two Link-LSAs from R2 about both links. It can only receive the Link-LSA that R2 generates for the shared link with R1. The other link (e.g., to R4 in Area 1) is irrelevant to R1.

Huawei Datacom Reference:

"A Link LSA is generated by a router for each attached link and is sent only to the routers on the same link."

(Source: HCIE-Datacom Study Guide v3.0 - OSPFv3 LSA Types)

✅ Option C: Correct

On broadcast links, DRs generate Type 2 Network LSAs.

If R3 is the DR on the shared segment (with R1), R1 will have the Network-LSA from R3 in its LSDB.

Huawei Datacom Reference:

"The DR on a broadcast network generates a Type 2 Network LSA to describe all routers on that link."

(Source: HCIE-Datacom Study Guide v3.0 - OSPFv3 LSDB Construction)

✅ Option D: Correct

R2 connects Area 0 and Area 1, hence it's an ABR.

ABRs generate Type 3 Inter-Area-Prefix LSAs to advertise IPv6 prefixes from one area to another.

R2 advertises Area 1 prefixes to Area 0 routers (R1 and R3).

Huawei Datacom Reference:

"Inter-Area-Prefix LSAs (Type 3) are generated by ABRs to advertise IPv6 prefixes from one area into another."

(Source: HCIE-Datacom Study Guide v3.0 - ABR Functionality in OSPFv3)

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

To supportSR-MPLS (Segment Routing over MPLS),OSPFusesType 10 Opaque LSAsto advertiseSegment Routing (SR) capabilities and information.

Type 10 Opaque LSA (B): Used fordistributing application-specific informationwithin an OSPF area. In SR-MPLS, it carries theSID/Label mappingsand other SR-related information.

Type 7 NSSA External LSA (A):Used to advertise external routes within an NSSA, not related to SR-MPLS.

Type 1 Router LSA (C):Advertises the router’s interfaces and links but does not carry SR-specific information.

Type 2 Network LSA (D):Advertises the links of abroadcast or NBMA network, not used for SR-MPLS.

Therefore, the correct answer isB (Type 10 Opaque LSA), as it enables theadvertisement of SR information.

TheTime-To-Live (TTL) fieldin MPLS is essential forpreventing infinite loopsandenhancing security.

MPLS TTL Field Functionality:

It prevents packets fromcirculating indefinitelyin the MPLS network.

It allowstraceroute (tracert) to identify MPLS hopswhen TTL propagation is enabled.

Explanation of Correct Answers:✅B. The processing of IP TTL copy hides the LSR in an MPLS domain, improving security.

IfTTL propagation is disabled, MPLS routers do not decrease TTL, hidinginternal LSRsfrom traceroute, enhancing security.

✅C. MPLS provides two TTL processing modes:

Default Mode:The MPLS TTLcopies the IP TTL valuewhen an IP packet enters the MPLS network.

Uniform Mode:The ingress LERsets the MPLS TTL to 255, so it does not decrement.

✅D. MPLS encapsulation in frame mode supports the TTL field, while cell mode does not.

Frame Mode (Ethernet, PPP, etc.) supports TTL.

Cell Mode (ATM/MPLS) does not support TTL.

Incorrect Answer Explanation:❌A. If TTL copy is disabled, users can use the tracert function to view MPLS hops.

Wrong!If TTL propagation is disabled, tracertcannotsee LSRs inside the MPLS core network.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei MPLS Technology Guide – TTL Field & Loop Prevention

HCIE-Datacom MPLS VPN Configuration Guide – Traceroute in MPLS Networks

SRv6 Instruction Naming Conventions

SRv6 (Segment Routing over IPv6)uses segment identifiers (SIDs) with specific functions, indicated byinstruction keywords:

✅A. T: Searches a specified routing table to forward packets.

T (Table Lookup)→ Performsa lookup in a specified routing tableand forwards packets accordingly.

❌B. M: Searches a Layer 2 forwarding table for unicast forwarding.

Incorrect!SRv6 does not use M for Layer 2 unicast forwarding.

✅C. V: Searches a VPN instance routing table to forward packets.

V (VPN Routing Table Lookup)→Performs a lookup in a VPN instance (VRF) tablefor forwarding.

✅D. X: Forwards packets through one or a group of specified Layer 3 interfaces.

X (Cross-connect forwarding)→Forwards packets via a specified Layer 3 interface or group of interfaces.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei SRv6 Configuration Guide – SRv6 SID Naming and Instruction Set

HCIE-Datacom Study Material – Segment Routing over IPv6 (SRv6) Functionality

PQ (Priority Queuing) ensures low-latency services like voice and video are prioritized.

WFQ (Weighted Fair Queuing) fairly allocates remaining bandwidth to services like FTP.

Option B provides a balanced approach: guarantees for voice/video via PQ, and fairness for FTP via WFQ.

Exact Extract - Huawei HCIE-Datacom QoS Module:

“Voice and video traffic should be handled by PQ to minimize delay and jitter. Non-critical services such as FTP should be placed in WFQ queues to ensure bandwidth fairness.”

Comparison Between Paramiko (SSH) and Telnetlib (Telnet)

✅Paramiko (SSH) is more secure than Telnetlib (Telnet).

SSH (Secure Shell) encrypts login credentials and session datausing encryption protocols likeAES and RSA.

Telnet transmits data in plaintext, making it vulnerable to eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks.

✅Why is Telnet Insecure?

No encryption→ Credentials (username/password) are sent in plaintext.

Easily interceptedby attackers using packet sniffers (e.g., Wireshark).

Correct Method for Secure Remote Login in Python:

UseParamiko for SSH-based secure automation.

Example of logging in withParamiko (SSH)in Python:

import paramiko

ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()

ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())

ssh.connect("192.168.1.1", username="admin", password="password")

stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command("display version")

print(stdout.read().decode())

ssh.close()

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei Security Best Practices – Avoiding Telnet and Using SSH for Secure Access

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Network Automation with Python (Paramiko & Telnetlib)

Understanding the Command Components:

This is aHuawei CLI commandused fordiagnosing connectivitywithin aVPN instancein an MPLS network.

ping -aX→ Specifies thesource IP address(X) of the ping packets.

-cY→ Specifies thenumber of ICMP Echo Request packetsto send (Y).

-sZ→ Defines thesize (in bytes) of each ICMP Echo Requestpacket (Z).

-vpn-instance M→ Specifies theVPN instance (VRF) Mto which the ping packets belong.

Why are all options correct?

✅A. The source IP address of the ping packets is X.

The -aX optionforces the ping to originate from IP Xinstead of the default interface IP.

✅B. The ping packets belong to VPN instance M.

The -vpn-instance M optionensures the ping is sent within VPN instance M, allowing verification ofMPLS L3VPN routing.

✅C. During the ping operation, the quantity of ICMP Request packets is Y.

The -cY parameter sets thenumber of ICMP Echo Requeststo be sent, making Y the total count.

✅D. The size of each ICMP Request packet for the ping operation is Z bytes.

The -sZ parameterdefines packet size, helping to testMTU (Maximum Transmission Unit)issues.

Real-World Application:

Verifying MPLS VPN connectivity:Ensure customer networks are reachable withinseparate VRFs.

Testing MTU & fragmentation:Using -sZ, operators can check ifpacket fragmentationoccurs.

Debugging asymmetric routing issues:By forcing -aX, engineers can trace return paths.

✅Reference:Huawei HCIE-Datacom Official Guide – MPLS VPN Troubleshooting & Ping Options

Huawei Switch Deployment Methods in CloudCampus

✅A. DHCP Option 148– Used forautomatic device registrationin iMaster NCE-Campus.

✅B. CLI (Command-Line Interface)– Traditionalmanual configuration methodusing the command-line interface.

✅C. Web Interface–Web GUI-basedconfiguration for easy management.

✅D. Huawei Registration Center–Cloud-based automatic registration and provisioningfor plug-and-play deployment.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei CloudCampus Deployment Guide – Device Onboarding Methods

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Zero-Touch Deployment (ZTP) in CloudCampus

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

In theCloudCampus public cloud scenario, when devices are deployed through theHuawei registration query center, there isno need to configure DHCP Option 148on the campus network’s DHCP server.

Theregistration query centerautomatically provides thecontroller IP addressto the devices during the registration process.

DHCP Option 148is typically used to provide theiMaster NCE-Campus addressin on-premises or private cloud scenarios.

In thepublic cloud scenario, the devices obtain this information directly from the Huawei cloud platform, makingOption 148 unnecessary.

The incorrect statement is Option C, which says “A site can only belong to only one VPN.” This is false because a single site can belong to multiple VPNs if needed. For example, in some enterprise designs, a site may be part of both the Finance VPN and the Management VPN by configuring multiple routing instances (VRFs) and policies accordingly.

Exact Extract - HCIE-Datacom VPN Technologies Chapter:

“A site may be associated with one or more VPNs, depending on business requirements. This is achieved through VRF and route-target configurations.”

According to the displayed OSPF error statistics from the Huawei device, the key HELLO packet error shown is:

yaml

CopyEdit

2 : Netmask mismatch

This indicates that the OSPF adjacency formation is failing due to a subnet mask mismatch between the two OSPF neighbors on the corresponding interface (GigabitEthernet 0/0/0). OSPF uses the subnet mask in Hello packets to ensure that neighbors are in the same network. If the masks do not match, OSPF will not form an adjacency.

From the Huawei Official HCIE-Datacom Study Guide (Version 3.0) — under the OSPF Troubleshooting Section:

"Netmask mismatch: If the subnet mask configured on the interfaces of OSPF neighbors does not match, a 'Netmask mismatch' error occurs. OSPF requires neighbors to be on the same subnet to establish an adjacency. This is a common reason for failure in adjacency formation."

(Reference: Huawei HCIE-Datacom V3.0, OSPF Troubleshooting Chapter, Section 4.2 – OSPF Hello and Adjacency Establishment Issues)

Thus, among the given options:

A. Area type inconsistency would result in an area ID mismatch error, not netmask.

B. Authentication mismatch would show a bad authentication key or type error.

D. Hello interval mismatches would trigger a Hello timer mismatch error.

Only C. The IP address masks of the interfaces are inconsistent directly matches the actual error observed: Netmask mismatch.

In BGP, community attributes help control the advertisement scope of BGP routes. Here’s what each option means:

No_Export: This well-known community attribute prevents BGP routes from being advertised to external BGP (EBGP) peers. Routes with this attribute can still be advertised to internal BGP (IBGP) peers within the same AS. This ensures that the route remains within the originating AS.

No_Advertise: This attribute means that the route should not be advertised toanyBGP peer, whether internal or external.

Internet: Indicates that the route can be advertised to all BGP peers, both internal and external, with no restrictions.

No_Export_Subconfed: Similar to No_Export, but it also restricts advertisement to peers within a BGP confederation. It's more specific and not generally used just to keep routes inside one AS.

Therefore, the correct answer isB. No_Export, as it is the attribute that ensures BGP routes remain within the AS by not being sent to EBGP peers.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

TheStrict Priority (SP) scheduling algorithmalways gives preference to high-priority queues.

A:Correct. SP scheduling may lead toqueue starvationbecause low-priority queues might never get serviced if high-priority traffic is constant.

B:Correct. SP always schedules thehighest-priority queue first.

C:Correct. Among multiple low-priority queues, if SP is combined with FIFO (First In, First Out), packets that arrive first are forwarded first.

D:Incorrect. The SP algorithmdoes not guarantee minimum bandwidthfor lower-priority queues. It prioritizes high-priority queues regardless of bandwidth configuration, which can lead to starvation of lower-priority traffic. To ensure minimum bandwidth, aWeighted Fair Queuing (WFQ)orCBWFQ (Class-Based Weighted Fair Queuing)algorithm would be more suitable.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

WhenIS-ISis used as theIGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)to advertiseSegment Routing (SR) SIDs, theLevel-2 (L2) routeradvertisesnode SIDs globally across the entire IS-IS domain, not just within a single area.

Level-1 (L1) routersonly advertise within the local area, butL2 routersdistribute information across multiple areas, enabling inter-area reachability.

Therefore, the statement isFALSE.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

In theHuawei iMaster NCE-Campussolution, when using athird-party Portal authentication application, the following process occurs:

After the Wi-Fi user connects to the network, any attempt toaccess a website for the first timetriggersHTTP redirection.

The user isredirected to the login pageprovided by the third-party authentication application.

This mechanism ensures that the userauthenticatesbefore accessing external resources.

The redirection behavior is consistent withcaptive portal functionality, which is standard for user authentication on Wi-Fi networks.

Therefore, the statement isTRUE.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

A. Correct:OPS can use themaintenance assistantto triggerPython scriptsperiodically or based on events.

B. Correct:OPS supportsautomatic deploymentusing Python scripts to download software and configuration files.

C. Incorrect:OPS doesnot inherently provide local storagefor temporarily saving execution results when the network is disconnected. This would require additional programming logic in the script itself, which is not a built-in feature of OPS.

D. Correct:OPS can run scripts toautomatically check device healthand report the status.

Therefore, the incorrect statement isC.

BGP EVPN Type 2 Route (MAC/IP Advertisement Route)

This route carriesMAC and IP address bindingsto inform remote VTEPs about locally learned endpoints.

Why Use arp collect host enable?

Collects ARP entriesof locally connected hosts.

EnablesBGP EVPN Type 2 route generationto distribute the learned ARP information.

Incorrect Answer Explanations:❌A. mac-address xxxx-xxxx-xxxx– Manually configures a MAC address butdoes not enable ARP collection for EVPN Type 2 routes.❌B. arp-proxy enable– Enables ARP Proxy butdoes not advertise ARP information using BGP EVPN.❌D. arp distribute-gateway enable– Used inDistributed Anycast Gateway (DAG) modebutnot for collecting host ARP data.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei VXLAN EVPN Configuration Guide – ARP Handling and EVPN Type 2 Routes

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – VTEP ARP Advertisement in VXLAN Networks

Portal Authentication vs. MAC Authentication

✅Portal Authentication

Used inhigh-mobility environments(e.g., shopping malls, hotels, and public Wi-Fi hotspots).

Usersauthenticate via a web portalbefore gaining network access.

Supports multiple device types (smartphones, laptops, tablets, etc.).

✅MAC Address Authentication

Used fordumb devicesthatcannot perform interactive authentication(e.g., printers, IP phones, cameras).

The network authenticates devices based on their MAC addresses automatically.

Often used inenterprise LANsto ensureunattended devices get network access securely.

Reference from Huawei HCIE-Datacom Documentation:

Huawei CloudCampus Authentication Guide – Portal and MAC Authentication

HCIE-Datacom Training Material – Access Control Mechanisms

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

The regular expression100.$can be broken down as follows:

100:Matches the exact sequence of digits "100".

(dot): Representsany single character.

$:Indicates theend of the line.

Therefore, the pattern100.$matches anyfour-character sequencethat starts with "100" and ends withany single character.

1000 (A): Matches because it has four digits, starting with "100" and ending with "0".

1001 (B): Matches because it has four digits, starting with "100" and ending with "1".

10000 (C): Doesnot matchbecause it hasfive digits.

100 (D): Doesnot matchbecause it only hasthree digits.

A white line with black lines AI-generated content may be incorrect.

In Huawei'sSD-WAN architecture, the following channels are defined:

Management Channel (Callout 1)

BetweeniMaster NCEandEdge devices.

Used for deviceregistration, configuration, and monitoring.

Encrypted with HTTPS.

Control Channel (Callout 2)

BetweenEdge devices and RR (Route Reflector).

Used forroute exchangeandcontrol signaling, typically overMPLS or Internet.

Data Channel (Callout 3)

BetweenEdge to Edge(e.g., HQ to branch).

Used for actualservice traffic transmission, carried overMPLS, Internet, or both.

Correct Mapping:

Management channel→ Callout1(from iMaster NCE to Edge)

Control channel→ Callout2(Edge to RR)

Data channel→ Callout3(Edge to Edge, over MPLS/Internet)

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

Blackhole MAC address configuration is a security feature that helps protect a network from MAC address spoofing or attacks involving untrusted MAC addresses. When you configure a MAC address as ablackhole MAC address, any packet received with that address as the source or destination will be immediately discarded by the device.

This feature is useful in scenarios where certain MAC addresses are identified as malicious or untrusted. By adding these MAC addresses to the blackhole list, the device effectively blocks communication involving these addresses, thereby mitigating security risks.

OSPFv3 Configuration Principles:

OSPFv3, the OSPF version supporting IPv6, differs from OSPFv2 in several aspects:

Interface-based Configuration:

OSPFv3 is configured on interfaces directly, unlike OSPFv2 which uses the network command.

Router ID:

The Router ID is still a 32-bit number, typically represented as an IPv4 address.

It must be explicitly specified since OSPFv3 requires a Router ID for operation, even though it supports IPv6.

Analysis:

A. [R1-GigabitEthernet0/0/1] ospfv3 1 area 0:

Correct. This command enables OSPFv3 process 1 on the GE0/0/1 interface in Area 0.

B. [R1-ospfv3-1] router-id 10.1.1.1:

Correct. This correctly sets the Router ID for OSPFv3 process 1.

C. [R1-ospfv3-1-area-0.0.0.0] network 2001:DB8:2345:12::1 ::

Incorrect. OSPFv3 does not use the network command as in OSPFv2. Instead, OSPFv3 is directly configured on interfaces.

D. [R1] router id 10.1.1.1:

Incorrect. The Router ID should be set within the OSPFv3 process view, not the global configuration view.

Therefore, the correct answers are A and B.

Understanding MPLS Forwarding Mechanism

MPLS (Multiprotocol Label Switching) is a high-performance forwarding mechanism that operates on two planes:

1️⃣Control Plane:

EstablishesLabel Switched Paths (LSPs)using protocols likeLDP (Label Distribution Protocol),RSVP-TE (Resource Reservation Protocol - Traffic Engineering), orBGP-LU (BGP Label Unicast).

Assignslabelsto packets based on routing policies.

2️⃣Data Plane (Forwarding Plane):

Uses aLabel Forwarding Information Base (LFIB)instead of traditional IP routing.

Packets areforwarded based on labels, not IP addresses.

Analysis of the Answer Choices

✅C. The system automatically assigns an ID to the upper-layer application that uses a tunnel. This ID is also called the tunnel ID.

Correct:MPLS assigns aTunnel IDto applications that utilize tunnels (e.g.,VPNs, MPLS-TE, or L2/L3 services).

This ID helpsdifferentiate between various tunnel applications, ensuring traffic follows the correct LSP.

❌A. After an IP packet enters an MPLS domain, the MPLS device forwards the packet based on FIB table queries.

Incorrect:MPLS routersdo NOT use the FIB (Forwarding Information Base)for forwarding once labels are assigned.

Instead, they useLFIB (Label Forwarding Information Base)to switch packets based on labels.

❌B. If the tunnel ID is 0x0, the MPLS forwarding process starts.

Incorrect:If theTunnel ID is 0x0, MPLSdoes NOT start; it means no label is assigned, and traditionalIP forwardingoccurs.

❌D. If the tunnel ID is not 0x0, the normal IP forwarding process starts.

Incorrect:If the Tunnel ID isnot0x0, MPLSforwards traffic using label switching, not IP forwarding.

InOSPFv3,Link-LSA (Type 8)is generated by a routerfor each of its interfacesto advertise:

Therouter's link-local addresson that interface.

TheIPv6 prefixesassociated with the interface.

Flags and options, such as router priority or loopback indicators.

From the output:

Link-LSA (Interface GigabitEthernet0/0/0)

Originating Router: 10.1.2.2

Link-Local Address: FE80::2E0:FCFF:FECD:4F79

Prefix: 2001:DB8:2345:23::/64

A. The link-local address of R2’s GE0/0/0 is FE80::2E0:FCFF:FECD:4F79→ This matches the Link-Local Address field in the LSA.✅

B. The IPv6 address prefix of R2’s GE0/0/0 is 2001:DB8:2345:23::/64→ This matches the Prefix field in the LSA.✅

C. This LSA indicates that R2 does not support external routes but can participate in IPv6 route calculation→❌Incorrect.

TheLink-LSAdoesnot provide any indicationabout external route capabilities.

It simply advertisesinterface-specific IPv6 and link-local info.

Whether R2 supports external routes depends onType 5 (External) or Type 7 (NSSA) LSAs, not Link-LSAs.

D. This LSA is generated by R2→ The Originating Router: 10.1.2.2 is R2’s router ID, so this LSA is definitely generated by R2.✅

Correct Answers:A, B, D

The Link-LSA in OSPFv3 contains:

The link-local address used by the originating router on the link.

A list of all IPv6 prefixes associated with the link.

Flags such as router priority and the Router-LSA options.

These LSAs are alwaysgenerated by the router itselfand arenot flooded beyond the link.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

OSPFv3, which supports IPv6, uses a router ID that is 32 bits in length, similar to OSPFv2. The router ID in OSPF is always a 32-bit number, typically represented in an IPv4 address format (dotted decimal). Although OSPFv3 is designed to support IPv6, itstill relies on a 32-bit router ID for identification, which must be unique within an OSPF domain. The router ID does not change even though the protocol itself supports IPv6 addresses (128 bits).

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

TheHuawei SD-WAN SolutionusesHTTP/2as the primary protocol toreport device performance datato the controller.

HTTP/2is chosen for itshigh efficiency, low latency, and enhanced data transfer speed.

It supportsbidirectional communicationbetween devices and the iMaster NCE-Campus controller.

While protocols likeNetFlowandSNMPare traditionally used for monitoring, Huawei SD-WAN specifically usesHTTP/2for real-time performance reporting and control due to its modern web-based architecture.

Comprehensive and Detailed In-Depth Explanation:

1. Understanding SR-MPLS (Segment Routing with MPLS):

Segment Routing (SR)leverages MPLS labels to define paths through the network.

The labels representsegments(nodes or specific paths) rather than traditional LDP or RSVP-TE labels.

Thelabel stackdetermines the forwarding path through the network.

Top Label:Determines thenext hop.

Next Label:After label pop, it indicates thesubsequent hop.

2. Analyzing the Given Label Stack:

The label stack encapsulated byR1is as follows:

Layer2:2046

2013

2032

2024

2046

Layer3

Thetop label (2046)indicates that thenext-hop routerisR4.

AfterR4pops the top label, thenext label (2046)directs the packet toR6.

3. Forwarding Path Analysis:

Step 1:R1sends the packet toR2based on internal routing.

Step 2:R2forwards the packet directly toR4as dictated by the top label (2046).

Step 3:R4pops the top label (2046) and checks the next label (again2046), directing the packet toR6.

Step 4:R6receives the packet as the final destination.

4. Why Option B is Correct:

The pathR1-R2-R4-R6matches thelabel stack processingin SR-MPLS.

Thelabels indicate the shortest pathchosen by SR policies, which isR1 → R2 → R4 → R6.

TheSR-MPLS label stackefficiently guides the packet through the optimal path without complex signaling.

Why Other Options Are Incorrect:

Option A (R1-R2-R3-R5-R6):

This path does not match thelabel sequenceas the labels clearly indicate adirect path via R4, not throughR3 and R5.

Option C (R1-R3-R2-R4-R6):

This path is longer and unnecessary, as thelabel stackindicates a moredirect path via R2 and R4.