SAP-C02 Amazon Web Services AWS Certified Solutions Architect

AWS Certified Solutions Architect - Professional

Architecting Large-Scale Cloud Infrastructures: Why True Multi-Account System Logic Outforms Static Test Banks

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Question # 61

A company wants to change its internal cloud billing strategy for each of its business units. Currently, the cloud governance team shares reports for overall cloud spending with the head of each business unit. The company uses AWS Organizations lo manage the separate AWS accounts for each business unit. The existing tagging standard in Organizations includes the application, environment, and owner. The cloud governance team wants a centralized solution so each business unit receives monthly reports on its cloud spending. The solution should also send notifications for any cloud spending that exceeds a set threshold.

Which solution is the MOST cost-effective way to meet these requirements?

Configure AWS Budgets in each account and configure budget alerts that are grouped by application, environment, and owner. Add each business unit to an Amazon SNS topic for each alert. Use Cost Explorer in each account to create monthly reports for each business unit.

Configure AWS Budgets in the organization ' s master account and configure budget alerts that are grouped by application, environment, and owner. Add each business unit to an Amazon SNS topic for each alert. Use Cost Explorer in the organization ' s master account to create monthly reports for each business unit.

Configure AWS Budgets in each account and configure budget alerts lhat are grouped by application, environment, and owner. Add each business unit to an Amazon SNS topic for each alert. Use the AWS Billing and Cost Management dashboard in each account to create monthly reports for each business unit.

Enable AWS Cost and Usage Reports in the organization ' s master account and configure reports grouped by application, environment, and owner. Create an AWS Lambda function that processes AWS Cost and Usage Reports, sends budget alerts, and sends monthly reports to each business unit ' s email list.

Question # 62

A company runs a web application on AWS. The web application delivers static content from an Amazon S3 bucket that is behind an Amazon CloudFront distribution. The application serves dynamic content by using an Application Load Balancer (ALB) that distributes requests to a fleet of Amazon EC2 instances in Auto Scaling groups. The application uses a domain name setup in Amazon Route 53.

Some users reported occasional issues when the users attempted to access the website during peak hours. An operations team found that the ALB sometimes returned HTTP 503 Service Unavailable errors. The company wants to display a custom error message page when these errors occur. The page should be displayed immediately for this error code.

Which solution will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?

Set up a Route 53 failover routing policy. Configure a health check to determine the status of the ALB endpoint and to fail over to the failover S3 bucket endpoint.

Create a second CloudFront distribution and an S3 static website to host the custom error page. Set up a Route 53 failover routing policy. Use an active-passive configuration between the two distributions.

Create a CloudFront origin group that has two origins. Set the ALB endpoint as the primary origin. For the secondary origin, set an S3 bucket that is configured to host a static website Set up origin failover for the CloudFront distribution. Update the S3 static website to incorporate the custom error page.

Create a CloudFront function that validates each HTTP response code that the ALB returns. Create an S3 static website in an S3 bucket. Upload the custom error page to the S3 bucket as a failover. Update the function to read the S3 bucket and to serve the error page to the end users.

Question # 63

Question:

An application uses CloudFront, App Runner, and two S3 buckets — one for static assets and one for user-uploaded content. User content is infrequently accessed after 30 days. Users are located only in Europe.

How can the companyoptimize cost?

Expire S3 objects after 30 days.

Transition S3 content toGlacier Deep Archiveafter 30 days.

Use Spot Instances with App Runner.

Add auto scaling to Aurora read replica.

UseCloudFront Price Class 200(Europe and U.S. only).

Question # 64

A company runs a simple Linux application on Amazon EKS by using nodes of the M6i (general purpose) instance type. The company has an EC2 Instance Savings Plan for the M6i family that will expire soon.

A solutions architect must minimize the EKS compute costs when the Savings Plan expires.

Which combination of steps will meet this requirement? (Select THREE.)

Rebuild the application container images to support ARM64 architecture.

Rebuild the application container images to support containers.

Migrate the EKS nodes to the most recent generation of Graviton-based instances.

Replace the EKS nodes with the most recent generation of x86_64 instances.

Purchase a new EC2 Instance Savings Plan for the newly selected Graviton instance family.

Purchase a new EC2 Instance Savings Plan for the newly selected x86_64 instance family.

Question # 65

A company has an organization in AWS Organizations. The company is using AWS Control Tower to deploy a landing zone for the organization. The company wants to implement governance and policy enforcement. The company must implement a policy that will detect Amazon RDS DB instances that are not encrypted at rest in the company’s production OU.

Which solution will meet this requirement?

Turn on mandatory guardrails in AWS Control Tower. Apply the mandatory guardrails to the production OU.

Enable the appropriate guardrail from the list of strongly recommended guardrails in AWS Control Tower. Apply the guardrail to the production OU.

Use AWS Config to create a new mandatory guardrail. Apply the rule to all accounts in the production OU.

Create a custom SCP in AWS Control Tower. Apply the SCP to the production OU.

Question # 66

A company has built a high performance computing (HPC) cluster in AWS tor a tightly coupled workload that generates a large number of shared files stored in Amazon EFS. The cluster was performing well when the number of Amazon EC2 instances in the cluster was 100. However, when the company increased the cluster size to 1,000 EC2 instances, overall performance was well below expectations.

Which collection of design choices should a solutions architect make to achieve the maximum performance from the HPC cluster? (Select THREE.)

Ensure the HPC cluster Is launched within a single Availability Zone.

Launch the EC2 instances and attach elastic network interfaces in multiples of four.

Select EC2 Instance types with an Elastic Fabric Adapter (EFA) enabled.

Ensure the cluster Is launched across multiple Availability Zones.

Replace Amazon EFS with multiple Amazon EBS volumes in a RAID array.

Replace Amazon EFS with Amazon FSx for Lustre.

Question # 67

Company A recently acquired Company B. Company A requires that Company B use Amazon WorkSpaces in a separate member AWS account that Company A manages. Company A uses AWS Organizations with all features enabled. Company A also uses AWS IAM Identity Center with a SAML-based identity source for access to Company A’s AWS accounts. Company B has its own SAML-based identity provider IdP.

Company A requires that authentication to WorkSpaces use only Company B’s own IdP.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

Configure a WorkSpaces application from the IAM Identity Center application catalog. Set up the SAML metadata and certificate from Company B’s IdP. Enable WorkSpaces to authenticate by using SAML 2.0.

Configure IAM Identity Center with a second identity source. Configure attributes for access control to identify users from Company B. Create a new permission set that grants access to WorkSpaces to users with the correct attribute.

Configure an IAM SAML IdP in the member AWS account. Create IAM roles in the member AWS account with a trust policy that allows the AssumeRoleWithSAML API operation with permissions for WorkSpaces. Create an SCP that prevents IAM roles from the member AWS account from assuming roles in other accounts. Apply the SCP to the root OU.

Enable the creation of account instances in member accounts. Configure an IAM Identity Center account instance in the member AWS account. Configure the identity source to be the SAML-based IdP of Company B. Configure WorkSpaces to use the account instance as its authentication source.

Question # 68

A company is deploying a new application on AWS. The application consists of an Amazon EKS cluster and an Amazon ECR repository. The EKS cluster has an AWS managed node group.

The company ' s security guidelines state that all resources on AWS must be continuously scanned for security vulnerabilities.

Which solution will meet this requirement with the LEAST operational overhead?

Activate AWS Security Hub. Configure Security Hub to scan the EKS nodes and the ECR repository.

Activate Amazon Inspector to scan the EKS nodes and the ECR repository.

Launch a new Amazon EC2 instance and install a vulnerability scanning tool from AWS Marketplace. Configure the EC2 instance to scan the EKS nodes. Configure Amazon ECR to perform a basic scan on push.

Install the Amazon CloudWatch agent on the EKS nodes. Configure the CloudWatch agent to scan continuously. Configure Amazon ECR to perform a basic scan on push.

Answer:

Explanation:

The requirement is to continuously scan all AWS resources in this solution for security vulnerabilities with the least operational overhead. The environment includes Amazon EKS worker nodes in a managed node group and an Amazon ECR repository that stores container images used by the EKS cluster.

Amazon Inspector is a managed vulnerability scanning service that integrates directly with multiple AWS resource types. It can automatically discover Amazon EC2 instances (including EKS managed node group instances) and perform continuous vulnerability assessments against them, using software inventory and known CVE databases. Inspector also integrates with Amazon ECR to scan container images for vulnerabilities when images are pushed to the repository and periodically thereafter, providing continuous assessment of image security posture without requiring separate scanners or infrastructure.

By activating Amazon Inspector for the account and region, the service will automatically start tracking supported resources, including EKS-managed EC2 instances and ECR repositories, and will begin scanning them for known vulnerabilities. Findings are provided through the Inspector console and can be integrated with other services such as AWS Security Hub or Amazon EventBridge for further aggregation and automation, but no separate infrastructure deployment or maintenance is required.

Option B, therefore, provides end-to-end vulnerability scanning for both the EKS nodes and the ECR images with minimal operational overhead, because it leverages a fully managed AWS service that automatically discovers and scans supported resources.

Option A is not correct because AWS Security Hub does not itself perform vulnerability scanning. Security Hub aggregates and normalizes security findings from various AWS services, including Amazon Inspector, GuardDuty, and others. It is a security posture management and aggregation service, not a vulnerability scanner.

Option C introduces additional operational overhead by requiring the company to provision, configure, secure, and maintain a separate EC2 instance running a third-party vulnerability scanning tool. While ECR basic scan-on-push can detect some image vulnerabilities, the EC2-based scanner must be managed, updated, and scaled by the customer, which violates the requirement for the least operational overhead when a fully managed alternative exists.

Option D is incorrect because the Amazon CloudWatch agent is used for metrics and log collection from EC2 instances and other environments; it does not perform vulnerability scanning or CVE analysis. Configuring CloudWatch for monitoring and logging does not meet the requirement to continuously scan for security vulnerabilities. ECR basic scans also provide only image-level scanning and do not cover the EKS nodes themselves.

Therefore, enabling Amazon Inspector to scan both the EKS nodes and the ECR repository, as described in option B, is the solution that meets the continuous vulnerability scanning requirement with the least operational overhead.

[References:AWS documentation for Amazon Inspector capabilities including automated discovery and continuous vulnerability scanning for EC2 instances and Amazon ECR images.AWS documentation describing AWS Security Hub as a security findings aggregation and posture management service rather than a vulnerability scanner.AWS documentation for the Amazon CloudWatch agent and its role in collecting metrics and logs, not performing security scans., , , , ]

Question # 69

A company needs to aggregate Amazon CloudWatch logs from its AWS accounts into one central logging account. The collected logs must remain in the AWS Region of creation. The central logging account will then process the logs, normalize the logs into standard output format, and stream the output logs to a security tool for more processing.

A solutions architect must design a solution that can handle a large volume of logging data that needs to be ingested. Less logging will occur outside normal business hours than during normal business hours. The logging solution must scale with the anticipated load. The solutions architect has decided to use an AWS Control Tower design to handle the multi-account logging process.

Which combination of steps should the solutions architect take to meet the requirements? (Select THREE.)

Create a destination Amazon Kinesis data stream in the central logging account.

Create a destination Amazon SQS queue in the central logging account.

Create an IAM role that grants Amazon CloudWatch Logs the permission to add data to the Amazon Kinesis data stream. Create a trust policy. Specify the trust policy in the IAM role. In each member account, create a subscription filter for each log group to send data to the Kinesis data stream.

Create an IAM role that grants Amazon CloudWatch Logs the permission to add data to the Amazon SQS queue. Create a trust policy. Specify the trust policy in the IAM role. In each member account, create a single subscription filter for all log groups to send data to the SQS queue.

Create an AWS Lambda function. Program the Lambda function to normalize the logs in the central logging account and to write the logs to the security tool.

Create an AWS Lambda function. Program the Lambda function to normalize the logs in the member accounts and to write the logs to the security tool.

Question # 70

A company generates approximately 20 GB of data multiple times each day. The company uses AWS DataSync to copy all data from on-premises storage to Amazon S3 every 6 hours for further processing.

The analytics team wants to modify the copy process to copy only data relevant to the analytics team and ignore the rest of the data. The team wants to copy data as soon as possible and receive a notification when the copy process is finished.

Which combination of steps will meet these requirements MOST cost-effectively? (Select THREE.)

Modify the data generation process on premises to create a manifest file at the end of the copy process with the names of the objects to be copied to Amazon S3. Create a custom script to upload the manifest file to an S3 bucket.

Modify the data generation process on premises to create a manifest file at the end of the copy process with the names of the objects to be copied to Amazon S3. Create an AWS Lambda function to load the manifest file data into an Amazon DynamoDB table.

Create an AWS Lambda function that Amazon EventBridge invokes when the manifest file is loaded into Amazon DynamoDB. Configure the Lambda function to copy the data from on-premises storage to the S3 bucket that uses the manifest file.

Create an AWS Lambda function that an S3 Event Notification invokes when the manifest file is uploaded. Configure the Lambda function to invoke the DataSync task by calling the StartTaskExecution API action with a manifest.

Create an Amazon SNS topic. Create an Amazon EventBridge rule to send an email notification to the SNS topic when the DataSync task execution status changes to SUCCESS or to ERROR.

Create an Amazon SNS topic. Create an AWS Lambda function to send an email notification to the SNS topic when the DataSync task execution status changes to SUCCESS or to ERROR.

Answer:

A, D, E

Explanation:

The analytics team wants to copy only a subset of the data, run the copy as soon as data is ready, and receive notifications when the process completes. AWS DataSync supports the use of manifest files to control exactly which files or objects are transferred. By generating a manifest file on premises that lists only the relevant data and uploading that manifest to Amazon S3, the company can precisely limit what DataSync copies, which reduces data transfer costs and processing overhead.

Option A satisfies the requirement to identify only analytics-relevant data by creating and uploading a manifest file that lists the objects to be transferred. This avoids copying unnecessary data and is cost-effective.

Option D uses Amazon S3 Event Notifications to trigger an AWS Lambda function as soon as the manifest file is uploaded. The Lambda function starts the DataSync task and references the manifest file. This ensures that the copy process begins immediately after data generation, rather than waiting for a fixed schedule, which meets the “as soon as possible” requirement.

Option E provides a fully managed and scalable notification mechanism. AWS DataSync publishes task execution state changes as events. Amazon EventBridge can capture SUCCESS or ERROR states and route those events to Amazon SNS, which can then send email notifications. This approach avoids custom polling logic and minimizes operational overhead.

Option B and C introduce Amazon DynamoDB unnecessarily. DataSync can directly consume a manifest file from Amazon S3, so loading manifest data into DynamoDB and orchestrating copy logic manually adds cost and complexity without benefit.

Option F relies on a custom Lambda function to monitor task state changes, which increases operational overhead compared to the native EventBridge integration with DataSync.

Therefore, using S3-based manifests, event-driven invocation of DataSync, and EventBridge-based notifications is the most cost-effective and operationally efficient solution.

[References:AWS documentation on AWS DataSync manifest files for selective data transfer.AWS documentation on integrating AWS DataSync with Amazon S3 Event Notifications and AWS Lambda.AWS documentation on AWS DataSync task state change events and Amazon EventBridge integration with Amazon SNS for notifications., , , ]

Question # 71

A solutions architect needs to advise a company on how to migrate its on-premises data processing application to the AWS Cloud. Currently, users upload input files through a web portal. The web server then stores the uploaded files on NAS and messages the processing server over a message queue. Each media file can take up to 1 hour to process. The company has determined that the number of media files awaiting processing is significantly higher during business hours, with the number of files rapidly declining after business hours.

What is the MOST cost-effective migration recommendation?

Create a queue using Amazon SQS. Configure the existing web server to publish to the new queue. When there are messages in the queue, invoke an AWS Lambda function to pull requests from the queue and process the files. Store the processed files in an Amazon S3 bucket.

Create a queue using Amazon M. Configure the existing web server to publish to the new queue. When there are messages in the queue, create a new Amazon EC2 instance to pull requests from the queue and process the files. Store the processed files in Amazon EFS. Shut down the EC2 instance after the task is complete.

Create a queue using Amazon MO. Configure the existing web server to publish to the new queue. When there are messages in the queue, invoke an AWS Lambda function to pull requests from the queue and process the files. Store the processed files in Amazon EFS.

Create a queue using Amazon SOS. Configure the existing web server to publish to the new queue. Use Amazon EC2 instances in an EC2 Auto Scaling group to pull requests from the queue and process the files. Scale the EC2 instances based on the SOS queue length. Store the processed files in an Amazon S3 bucket.

Question # 72

A multinational insurance company is deploying an internal claims processing AI assistant that is powered by Amazon Bedrock FMs. The AI assistant must use several internal APIs to retrieve claim records, perform fraud checks, and update policy data. The company already exposes the APIs through a centralized Amazon Bedrock AgentCore gateway where enterprise policies enforce IAM authorization, request validation, and tool-level access controls. Some specialized validation logic for claims processing runs in containerized microservices.

During inference, the company wants the FMs to automatically discover and invoke only approved tools that are exposed through the enterprise integration layer. The company does not want to implement any application-side orchestration loop to run tools.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

Register AgentCore Runtime service endpoints as tools in the Amazon Bedrock Responses API so that Amazon Bedrock automatically discovers available tools that the company hosts in AgentCore Runtime.

Configure the Responses API to reference the AgentCore gateway ARN as the tool connector so the model retrieves and invokes the catalog of approved tools.

Establish an MCP connection between Amazon Bedrock and an AgentCore Runtime cluster to allow the AI assistant to invoke Runtime services.

Configure AgentCore Runtime services as Amazon Bedrock action groups. Invoke the action groups through the InvokeModelWithResponseStream API during FM inference.

Question # 73

A company has deployed applications to thousands of Amazon EC2 instances in an AWS account. A security audit discovers that several unencrypted Amazon EBS volumes are attached to the EC2 instances. The company ' s security policy requires the EBS volumes to be encrypted.

The company needs to implement an automated solution to encrypt the EBS volumes. The solution also must prevent development teams from creating unencrypted EBS volumes.

Which solution will meet these requirements?

Configure the AWS Config managed rule that identifies unencrypted EBS volumes. Configure an automatic remediation action. Associate an AWS Systems Manager Automation runbook that includes the steps to create a new encrypted EBS volume. Create an AWS KMS customer managed key. In the key policy, include a statement to deny the creation of unencrypted EBS volumes.

Use AWS Systems Manager Fleet Manager to create a list of unencrypted EBS volumes. Create a Systems Manager Automation runbook that includes the steps to create a new encrypted EBS volume. Create an SCP to deny the creation of unencrypted EBS volumes.

Use AWS Systems Manager Fleet Manager to create a list of unencrypted EBS volumes. Create a Systems Manager Automation runbook that includes the steps to create a new encrypted EBS volume. Modify the AWS account setting for EBS encryption to always encrypt new EBS volumes.

Configure the AWS Config managed rule that identifies unencrypted EBS volumes. Configure an automatic remediation action. Associate an AWS Systems Manager Automation runbook that includes the steps to create a new encrypted EBS volume. Modify the AWS account setting for EBS encryption to always encrypt new EBS volumes.

Question # 74

A company wants to use an Amazon S3 bucket for its data scientists to store documents. The company uses AWS IAM Identity Center to authenticate users. The company created an IAM Identity Center group for the data scientists.

The company wants to grant the data scientists access to only their specific folders in the S3 bucket. The company also wants to know which documents each data scientist accessed.

Which combination of steps will meet these requirements? (Select TWO.)

Create a custom IAM Identity Center permission set to grant the data scientists access to an S3 bucket prefix that matches their username tag. Use a policy to limit access to paths with the ${aws:PrincipalTag/userName > / " condition.

Create an IAM Identity Center role for the data scientist group that has Amazon S3 read access and write access. Add an S3 bucket policy that allows access to the IAMIdentity Center role.

Configure AWS CloudTrail to log S3 data events and deliver the logs to an S3 bucket. Use Amazon Athena to run queries on the CloudTrail logs in Amazon S3.

Configure AWS CloudTrail to log S3 management events to Amazon CloudWatch. Use the Amazon Athena CloudWatch connector to query the logs.

Enable S3 access logging to the EMR File System (EMRFS). Create an AWS Glue job to run queries on the access log data in EMRFS.

Question # 75

Question:

A company provisions short-lived AWS accounts for students. Each account needs access to ml.p2.xlarge SageMaker instances for training and inference. The default quotas are insufficient.

How should quota increases be automated during account provisioning?

Create a quota request template inus-east-1, enable template association, and add quotas for ml.p2.xlarge training and endpoint usage in ap-southeast-2.

Use ml.p2.xlarge training warm pool quota in ap-southeast-2.

Create the template in ap-southeast-2 for SageMaker quotas in us-east-1.

Use warm pool quotas in us-east-1.