Explanation

Adjudication and Litigation (and Arbitration too) all provide certainty of a resolution. The other methods don’t. There's a really useful table with this information on p.87 of the study guide.

Explanation

The correct answers are as follows:

Table Description automatically generated

This is mediation - there's a third party with no powers. The answer can't be negotiation as negotiation doesn't have a third party. The answer can't be litigation or arbitration as the third party here does have decision making power.

Explanation

The correct answers are as follows:

Table Description automatically generated

This is 'Time is of the Essence' - failure to deliver the food on time will have consequences.

Explanation

Exporters prefer advance payment - this puts the risk with the importer / buyer. There's a table of these four terms on p.36. An importer would prefer an open account arrangements. The other two options are in the middle and the risk is more equally split between the two parties.

Explanation

Innominate - the conflict resolution process would determine if the clause is a condition or a war-ranty. Before there's a breach there's no way to know, so it's classed as an Innominate Term. P. 43. Types of contract terms comes up a lot in the exam. Learn these.

Explanation

The correct answers are 1 and 3. These are taken from p. 124. Option 2 is incorrect - this is the definition of reliance damages. Option 4 is also incorrect- restitution damages are limited to pre-agreed levels stated in the contract.