[Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/dynamic-address-allocation-resolution/27470-100.html, DHCPINFORM: If a client has obtained a network address through some other means or has a manually configured IP address, a client workstation may use a DHCPINFORM request message to obtain other local configuration parameters, such as the domain name and Domain Name Servers (DNSs). DHCP servers receiving a DHCPINFORM message construct a DHCPACK message with any local configuration parameters appropriate for the client without allocating a new IP address. This DHCPACK will be sent unicast to the client., DHCPNAK: If the selected server is unable to satisfy the DHCPREQUEST message, the DHCP server will respond with a DHCPNAK message. When the client receives a DHCPNAK message, or does not receive a response to a DHCPREQUEST message, the client restarts the configuration process by going into the Requesting state. The client will retransmit the DHCPREQUEST at least four times within 60 seconds before restarting the Initializing state., DHCPACK: After the DHCP server receives the DHCPREQUEST, it acknowledges the request with a DHCPACK message, thus completing the initialization process., DHCPDECLINE: The client receives the DHCPACK and will optionally perform a final check on the parameters. The client performs this procedure by sending Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) requests for the IP address provided in the DHCPACK. If the client detects that the address is already in use by receiving a reply to the ARP request, the client will send a DHCPDECLINE message to the server and restart the configuration process by going into the Requesting state., , Reference:, https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/dynamic-address-allocation-resolution/27470-100.html, , , ]

[Reference:, https://community.cisco.com/t5/switching/how-to-define-login-local-for-console-0/td-p/2949493, , , , , ]

[Reference:, Note: By default Static Router AD value-1 hence ip route 0.0.0.0. 0.0.0.0. 1.1.1.1 track 1 means AD-1 which must be less than of back up route AD., Define the backup route to use when the tracked object is unavailable. !--- The administrative distance of the backup route must be greater than !--- the administrative distance of the tracked route.!--- If the primary gateway is unreachable, that route is removed!--- and the backup route is installed in the routing table!--- instead of the tracked route., https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/ip-routing/200785-ISP-Failover-with-default-routes-using-I.html, https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/security/asa-5500-x-series-next-generation-firewalls/118962-configure-asa-00.html, , , ]

[Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/open-shortest-path-first-ospf/13685-13.html, , Down, This is the first OSPF neighbor state. It means that no information (hellos) has been received from this neighbor, but hello packets can still be sent to the neighbor in this state., During the fully adjacent neighbor state, if a router doesn't receive hello packet from a neighbor within the Router Dead Interval time (RouterDeadInterval = 4*HelloInterval by default) or if themanually configured neighbor is being removed from the configuration, then the neighbor state changes from Full to Down., Attempt, This state is only valid for manually configured neighbors in an NBMA environment. In Attempt state, the router sends unicast hello packets every poll interval to the neighbor, from which hellos have not been received within the dead interval., Init, This state specifies that the router has received a hello packet from its neighbor, but the receiving router's ID was not included in the hello packet. When a router receives a hello packet from a neighbor, it should list the sender's router ID in its hello packet as an acknowledgment that it received a valid hello packet., 2-Way, This state designates that bi-directional communication has been established between two routers. Bi-directional means that each router has seen the other's hello packet. This state is attained when the router receiving the hello packet sees its own Router ID within the received hello packet's neighbor field. At this state, a router decides whether to become adjacent with this neighbor. On broadcast media and non-broadcast multiaccess networks, a router becomes full only with the designated router (DR) and the backup designated router (BDR); it stays in the 2-way state with all other neighbors. On Point-to-point and Point-to-multipoint networks, a router becomes full with all connected routers., At the end of this stage, the DR and BDR for broadcast and non-broadcast multiaccess networks are elected. For more information on the DR election process, refer to DR Election., Note: Receiving a Database Descriptor (DBD) packet from a neighbor in the init state will also a cause a transition to 2-way state., Exstart, Once the DR and BDR are elected, the actual process of exchanging link state information can start between the routers and their DR and BDR. (ie. Shared or NBMA networks)., In this state, the routers and their DR and BDR establish a master-slave relationship and choose the initial sequence number for adjacency formation. The router with the higher router ID becomes the master and starts the exchange, and as such, is the only router that can increment the sequence number. Note that one would logically conclude that the DR/BDR with the highest router ID will become the master during this process of master-slave relation. Remember that the DR/BDR election might be purely by virtue of a higher priority configured on the router instead of highest router ID. Thus, it is possible that a DR plays the role of slave. And also note that master/slave election is on a per-neighbor basis., Exchange, In the exchange state, OSPF routers exchange database descriptor (DBD) packets. Database descriptors contain link-state advertisement (LSA) headers only and describe the contents of the entire link-state database. Each DBD packet has a sequence number which can be incremented only by master which is explicitly acknowledged by slave. Routers also send link-state requestpackets and link-state update packets (which contain the entire LSA) in this state. The contents of the DBD received are compared to the information contained in the routers link-state database to check if new or more current link-state information is available with the neighbor., Loading, In this state, the actual exchange of link state information occurs. Based on the information provided by the DBDs, routers send link-state request packets. The neighbor then provides the requested link-state information in link-state update packets. During the adjacency, if a router receives an outdated or missing LSA, it requests that LSA by sending a link-state request packet. All link-state update packets are acknowledged., Full, In this state, routers are fully adjacent with each other. All the router and network LSAs are exchanged and the routers' databases are fully synchronized., Full is the normal state for an OSPF router. If a router is stuck in another state, it is an indication that there are problems in forming adjacencies. The only exception to this is the 2-way state, which is normal in a broadcast network. Routers achieve the FULL state with their DR and BDR in NBMA/broadcast media and FULL state with every neighbor in the remaining media such as point-to-point and point-to-multipoint., Note: The DR and BDR that achieve FULL state with every router on the segment will display FULL/DROTHER when you enter the show ip ospf neighbor command on either a DR or BDR. This simply means that the neighbor is not a DR or BDR, but since the router on which the command was entered is either a DR or BDR, this shows the neighbor as FULL/DROTHER., Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/open-shortest-path-first-ospf/13685-13.html, Reference: http://www.cisco.com/en/US/tech/tk365/technologies_tech_note09186a0080093f0e.shtml), Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/support/docs/ip/open-shortest-path-first-ospf/13685-13.html, , , , , ]

[Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/iproute_eigrp/configuration/xe-3s/asr1000/ire-xe-3s-asr1000/ire-ipfrr.html, , , ]

[Reference: https://www.cisco.com/c/en/us/td/docs/ios-xml/ios/ipv6_fhsec/configuration/xe-16/ip6f-xe-16-book/ip6-ra-guard.pdf, , , , ]