Customer

Employee

Government

Competitor

Competitors

Shareholders

Customers

Suppliers

Customer

Media

Employee

Government

His personal and corporate values

His personal and societal values

His professional and corporate values

His personal and professional values

When legislation dictates the appropriate course of action

When there is a conflict of interest

When a code of ethics provides clear guidance on next steps

All of the above

It provides guidance relating to philanthropic responsibility

It equates with doing what is right. just and fair

It provides a base line for operating within society

It provides a rule book for ensuring a reasonable return for shareholders

To ensure that clients or employers receive a competent professional service

To avoid accusations of negligence

To ensure successful career development

To earn the respect of their colleagues

The Articles of Association of a private company limited by shares may be altered by ordinary resolution.

The Articles of Association of a private company limited by shares may be altered by a written ordinary resolution.

The Articles of Association of a private company limited by shares may be altered by a special resolution.

The Articles of Association of a private company limited by shares may be altered by a board resolution.

Applicants for a motor mechanic s position are only considered if they are male

All employees in the sales departments are required to be smartly dressed and clean shaven

Only women are promoted in the employee counseling department

Employee X is not considered for an excellence award because she raised a complaint about sexist comments on the factory floor

Agency theory assumes that the goals of the managers of the company are the same as the owners of the company

Agency theory requires that the managers of the company act in the interests of the owners of the company

Agency theory assumes that the goals of the managers of the company are different from the owners of the company

Agency theory explains the issues which arise from the separation between the owners of the company and those who control it

Agency theory defines the problems that arise from the dependency of an organisation on resources

Only offering pay rises to female employees if they were under a certain weight.

Rejecting job applications if the applicant had a foreign-sounding name.

Only offering senior managerial roles to male employees.

Making it company policy that no one over 65 could be hired.

Having a rule that no one under 5ft tall could be hired.

The establishment of a risk committee

The separation of the roles of Chairman and Chief Executive

The identification of an independent director as primary shareholder contact

The appointment of independent non-executive directors to the Board

Authorizing major investments

Controlling the workings of the Board

Operational control

Carrying out the policies of the Board

United Kingdom

Italy

United States of America

China

In Germany, boards often have a two-tier structure, wheras in the UK they are normally unitary.

In Germany, employees are usually represented on the board, whereas in the UK they are not.

In Germany, the board reports on corporate governance issues, whereas in the UK it does not.

In Germany, boards are responsible for both management and governance, whereas in the UK they are responsible only for one or the other.